Abstract
In recent years, awareness on sustainable land use has increased. Optimizing the practice of nitrogen fertilization has become crucially imperative in cropping management as a result of this current trend. The effort to improve the availability of organic nitrogen has incurred a bottleneck while seeking to achieve a high yield and quality performance for organic winter cereals. Field experiments were conducted, under rainfed Mediterranean conditions, over a period of two subsequent growing seasons. The objective was to investigate the effect of soil and foliar S application on the performance of three durum wheat cultivars fertilized with either organic or inorganic N. The hypothesis to be verified was if different S fertilization strategies could improve grain yield and quality when coupled with mineral or organic N fertilizer. There were three levels of treatment with mineral N fertilizer (120, 160 and 200 kg ha−1), two levels of organic N fertilizer (160 and 200 kg ha−1), two levels of S fertilizer applied to the soil (0 and 70 kg ha−1), and two levels of foliar S application at flag leaf stage (0 and 5 kg ha−1). Cultivars were Dylan, Iride and Saragolla. Analyzed traits were grain yield, yield components and quality features of grain. Overall, at the same N rate, grain yield and quality were markedly higher for mineral than organic N source. Cultivar × Year × N treatment interactions significantly affected grain yield and quality indices. Iride showed a high yield stability throughout the mineral N rates in the most favorable year (2011) and, in the same year, was the top performing cultivar in organic N treatments. Dylan was the top performing cultivar for protein content, while Saragolla for the SDS sedimentation test. Soil S fertilization had no effect on grain quality, whereas it significantly increased grain yield (+ 300 kg ha−1) when coupled with organic rather than a mineral N source. However, foliar S application at flag leaf stage did not affect grain yield, but it significantly enhanced quality indices such as test weight (81 vs. 79.9 kg hL−1), protein content (13.7% vs. 12.9 %) and SDS value (72.5 vs. 70.5 mm). A rate of 160 kg ha−1 of N (both mineral and organic) determined the optimal response for both grain yield and quality. Finally, soil and foliar application of S may help to contain the large yield and quality gap that still exists between mineral and organic fertilization of durum wheat.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
At the same N rate, mineral N produced higher grain yield and quality than organic N.
- Taxon
- Durum Wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- minerale0
- Outcome
- grain yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- organic N sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the same N rate, grain yield and quality were markedly higher for mineral than organic N source”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar, year and N treatment interacted significantly in their effects on grain yield and quality indices.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield and quality indicese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivar × Year × N treatment interactions significantly affected grain yield and quality indices”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iride maintained high yield stability across mineral N rates in 2011.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Iridee0
- Outcome
- yield stabilitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- 2011e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iride showed a high yield stability throughout the mineral N rates in the most favorable year (2011)”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iride was the top performing cultivar under organic N treatment in 2011.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Iridee1
- Treatment
- organic N treatmentse0
- Outcome
- top performing cultivare0
- Direction
- top performinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the same year, was the top performing cultivar in organic N treatments”
e1“Iride showed a high yield stability”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dylan had the highest protein content performance.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Dylane0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- top performinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dylan was the top performing cultivar for protein content”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Saragolla performed best in the SDS sedimentation test.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Saragollae0
- Outcome
- SDS sedimentation teste0
- Direction
- top performinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saragolla for the SDS sedimentation test”
e1“Dylan was the top performing cultivar for protein content, while Saragolla for the SDS sedimentation test”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil sulfur fertilization did not affect grain quality.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Soil S fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil S fertilization had no effect on grain quality”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil sulfur increased grain yield by 300 kg ha−1 when combined with organic rather than mineral N.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Soil S fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 300 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- organice0
- Comparator
- a mineral N sourcee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it significantly increased grain yield (+ 300 kg ha−1) when coupled with organic rather than a mineral N source”
e1“Soil S fertilization had no effect on grain quality”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sulfur at flag leaf stage did not affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- foliar S application at flag leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar S application at flag leaf stage did not affect grain yield”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sulfur enhanced grain test weight to 81 versus 79.9 kg hL−1.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- foliar S application at flag leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- test weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 81 vs. 79.9 kg hL−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar S application at flag leaf stage did not affect grain yield, but it significantly enhanced quality indices such as test weight (81 vs. 79.9 kg hL−1)”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sulfur enhanced grain protein content to 13.7% versus 12.9%.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- foliar S application at flag leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 13.7% vs. 12.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar S application at flag leaf stage did not affect grain yield, but it significantly enhanced quality indices such as test weight (81 vs. 79.9 kg hL−1), protein content (13.7% vs. 12.9 %)”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar sulfur enhanced SDS value to 72.5 versus 70.5 mm.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- foliar S application at flag leaf stagee1
- Outcome
- SDS valuee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 72.5 vs. 70.5 mme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it significantly enhanced quality indices such as test weight (81 vs. 79.9 kg hL−1), protein content (13.7% vs. 12.9 %) and SDS value (72.5 vs. 70.5 mm)”
e1“However, foliar S application at flag leaf stage”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 160 kg ha−1 N rate gave the optimal yield and quality response for mineral and organic N.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 160 kg ha−1 of Ne0
- Outcome
- grain yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- optimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rate of 160 kg ha−1 of N (both mineral and organic) determined the optimal response for both grain yield and quality”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest soil and foliar sulfur could narrow the yield and quality gap between organic and mineral N fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- soil and foliar application of Se0
- Qualifier
- may help to contain the large yield and quality gape0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil and foliar application of S may help to contain the large yield and quality gap that still exists between mineral and organic fertilization of durum wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.