Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in Sardinia (Italy) on durum wheat to analyse the effects of different moisture treatments, irrigated (I), rainfed (R) and stressed (S), on leaf area index (LAI), radiation intercepted (Q) and water use (WU), efficiency of conversion of radiation and water into dry matter (RUE and WUE), nitrogen uptake and carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the above-ground part of the plant. In the period between beginning of stem elongation and heading, drought affected the maximum LA1 in the most stressed treatment (4.7 in S v. about 6.9 in R and I), but not Q and WU. RUE was also lowered by drought in this period (0.68 in S v. about 0.95 g MJ-1 in R and I) as a reduced biomass was recorded in S at heading (528gm-2 in S v. 777 g m-2 on average in R and I). In contrast with the previous period, the reduction in LA1 between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW) determined a significant reduction in Q and WU, WUE and RUE, resulting, ultimately, in notable differences in the total biomass produced until MEW (1203, 930 and 546 gm-2 in I, R and S respectively). The amount of stem reserves relocated to the grain decreased as the level of stress increased, going from 223gm-2 in I to 9gm-2 in S and was accumulated almost entirely (from 76% of the total in I to 100% in S), in the post-heading period. Nitrogen percentage was not affected by the treatments applied apart from the higher values in stem and flag leaf in S later in the growing season due to an inhibition of nitrogen translocation in S. The total nitrogen uptake was lower in S (12.3gm-2) than in I (16.6gm-2) only as a consequence of the different dry matter accumulation patterns. The importance of WUE in this type of Mediterranean environment is discussed, with particular concern to the key role of modulation of leaf area development through the growing season.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced maximum leaf area index before heading to 4.7 in stressed wheat versus about 6.9 in rainfed and irrigated wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- most stressed treatmente0
- Outcome
- maximum LA1e0
- Direction
- affectede0
- Value
- 4.7e0
- Comparator
- R and Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought affected the maximum LA1 in the most stressed treatment (4.7 in S v. about 6.9 in R and I)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought did not change intercepted radiation or water use before heading.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Q and WUe0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought affected the maximum LA1 in the most stressed treatment (4.7 in S v. about 6.9 in R and I), but not Q and WU.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought lowered radiation use efficiency before heading to 0.68 versus about 0.95 g MJ-1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- RUEe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 0.68e0
- Qualifier
- about 0.95 g MJ-1e0
- Comparator
- R and Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RUE was also lowered by drought in this period (0.68 in S v. about 0.95 g MJ-1 in R and I)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed wheat had 528gm-2 biomass at heading versus 777 g m-2 in rainfed and irrigated treatments.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- headinge0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 528gm-2e0
- Comparator
- R and Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced biomass was recorded in S at heading (528gm-2 in S v. 777 g m-2 on average in R and I)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After heading, reduced leaf area index significantly reduced intercepted radiation and water use.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW)e0
- Outcome
- Q and WUe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction in LA1 between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW) determined a significant reduction in Q and WU”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After heading, leaf area reduction also reduced water and radiation use efficiency.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW)e0
- Outcome
- WUE and RUEe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduction in LA1 between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW) determined a significant reduction in Q and WU, WUE and RUE”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass to maximum ear weight was 1203, 930 and 546 gm-2 in irrigated, rainfed and stressed wheat respectively.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- total biomass produced until MEWe0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 546 gm-2e0
- Comparator
- I, Re0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total biomass produced until MEW (1203, 930 and 546 gm-2 in I, R and S respectively)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem reserves relocated to grain declined with stress, from 223gm-2 under irrigation to 9gm-2 under stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- stem reserves relocated to the graine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9gm-2e0
- Qualifier
- 223gm-2e0
- Comparator
- Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of stem reserves relocated to the grain decreased as the level of stress increased, going from 223gm-2 in I to 9gm-2 in S”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The post-heading share of accumulated stem reserves rose from 76% under irrigation to 100% under stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- accumulated almost entirelye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 76% of the totale0
- Comparator
- Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was accumulated almost entirely (from 76% of the total in I to 100% in S), in the post-heading period.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not affect nitrogen percentage overall.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- treatments appliede0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen percentagee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen percentage was not affected by the treatments applied”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late in growth, stressed wheat had higher stem and flag-leaf nitrogen percentage because translocation was inhibited.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Organ / stage
- stem and flag leafe0
- Outcome
- higher values in stem and flag leafe0
- Qualifier
- due to an inhibition of nitrogen translocation in Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher values in stem and flag leaf in S later in the growing season due to an inhibition of nitrogen translocation in S.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed wheat had lower total nitrogen uptake, 12.3gm-2 versus 16.6gm-2 under irrigation, due to dry-matter accumulation patterns.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 12.3gm-2e0
- Qualifier
- only as a consequence of the different dry matter accumulation patternse0
- Comparator
- Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total nitrogen uptake was lower in S (12.3gm-2) than in I (16.6gm-2) only as a consequence of the different dry matter accumulation patterns.”
t0“durum wheat”
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