Abstract
Only 47% nitrogen of fertilizer is taken up by a plant whereas more than 40% nitrogen of total applied fertilizer is lost to environment that causes several environmental as well as economic consequences. Slow-release fertilizers are considered as a possible large-scale solution for nitrogen loss. The present study aims to stabilize urea by coating with four different materials including calcium phosphate (CP), gypsum powder (GP), calcium nitrate (CN), and gelatin (G) individually and in combination for slow release of nitrogen to sorghum crop. The physical and chemical characteristics of coated urea were examined by FT-IR, powder XRD, SEM, and rushing strength. Results showed that coating of CP, GP, and CN over urea was uneven and rough while G coating was smooth and admirable, and no pore was observed on the surface and indicated a weak water-urea interaction. Similarly, CPG coating over urea showed a maximum crushing strength of 2.38 N/m2. Slow-release and soil leaching analysis revealed that G coated urea showed the maximum 39.12 and 779.36 ppm nutrient loss after 15- and 480-min treatment, respectively which is much better than uncoated urea (99.81 and 993.65 ppm). Results reported that the maximum plant height, diameter, and chlorophyll were observed as 132.91 ± 1.52 cm, 24.56 ± 1.00 mm, and 56.30 ± 1.03 mg/m2 with CNG coated urea. Similarly, CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots, nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots, and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots. It is concluded that CNG coated urea showed better DMY, NU, ANR, and pot analysis, and it is recommended as a slow-release fertilizer for large scale application to minimize nutrient loss and maximize crop production.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
CNG coated urea gave maximum sorghum plant height of 132.91 ± 1.52 cm.
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum plant height, diameter, and chlorophyll were observed as 132.91 ± 1.52 cm, 24.56 ± 1.00 mm, and 56.30 ± 1.03 mg/m2 with CNG coated urea”
t0“sorghum crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG coated urea gave maximum sorghum diameter of 24.56 ± 1.00 mm.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum plant height, diameter, and chlorophyll were observed as 132.91 ± 1.52 cm, 24.56 ± 1.00 mm, and 56.30 ± 1.03 mg/m2 with CNG coated urea”
t0“sorghum crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG coated urea gave maximum sorghum chlorophyll of 56.30 ± 1.03 mg/m2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum plant height, diameter, and chlorophyll were observed as 132.91 ± 1.52 cm, 24.56 ± 1.00 mm, and 56.30 ± 1.03 mg/m2 with CNG coated urea”
t0“sorghum crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave maximum shoot dry matter yield of 25226.15 kg/ha.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe0
- Outcome
- dry matter yield (DMY)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 25226.15 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave maximum root dry matter yield of 2633.50 kg/ha.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe0
- Outcome
- dry matter yield (DMY)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2633.50 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave shoot nitrogen uptake of 18153.75 kg/ha.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe1
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake (NU)e0
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 18153.75 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
e1“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots, nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots, and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave root nitrogen uptake of 233.99 kg/ha.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe1
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake (NU)e0
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 233.99 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
e1“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots, nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots, and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave shoot apparent nitrogen recovery of 71.14%.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe1
- Outcome
- apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR)e0
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 71.14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
e1“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots, nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots, and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNG gave root apparent nitrogen recovery of 4.55%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- CNGe1
- Outcome
- apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR)e0
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 4.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots”
t0“sorghum crop”
e1“CNG also revealed the maximum dry matter yield (DMY) of 25226.15 kg/ha in shoots and 2633.50 kg/ha in roots, nitrogen uptake (NU) of 18153.75 kg/ha in shoots and 233.99 kg/ha in roots, and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) of 71.14% in shoots and 4.55% in roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend CNG coated urea for large scale use to reduce nutrient loss and increase crop production.
- Outcome
- slow-release fertilizer for large scale applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sorghum crop”
e0“it is recommended as a slow-release fertilizer for large scale application to minimize nutrient loss and maximize crop production”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · growth · SorghumResults differ
80 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
89 papers more in this group
See all 93 papers →nitrogen · physiology: pigments · SorghumPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.