Abstract
Plants are subjected to low use efficiency of water and nutrients in marginal lands such as calcareous soils. Moreover, plant wastes are not utilized optimally by the farmers. Hence, field trials were carried out in 2018 and 2019 summer seasons to find the practicable model which can be emerged through addition of sugar beet residues as mulching material and irrigation treatments in maize field. The amount of these residues were 0, 2.4, 7.2 and 12.0 ton ha−1 (denoted M0 M1 M2 and M3, respectively). Irrigation treatments were 60%, 80% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (signed as W60, W80 and W100, respectively). The study was established in a strip plots design with three replications. Findings exhibited that W80 x M3 or M2 were as similar as W100 x M2 in improving biological, straw and grain yields ha−1. Similar beneficial effect of W100 or W80 on nutrient uptake was obtained under mulching soil with M3 or M2. Moreover, M1 x W80 or W100 achieved the maximally available phosphorus (P) in soil. As well, M3 x W80 showed stable improvement in water use efficiency during the two studied seasons. Due to irrigation and soil mulching combinations, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was reduced by 5.6.1–32.6% compared to the initial CaCO3 in soil (25.42%). Generally, application of sugar beet residues at a rate of 7.2 ton ha−1 and moderate irrigation water supply, that is 80% of crop evapotranspiration may be considered a promising quixotic practice for regulating deficit irrigation in maize grown in calcareous soils. Continuous application of compatible irrigation regime and soil mulching, for example, 80% of crop evapotranspiration plus soil mulching could have the potentiality to improve calcareous soil properties year after year.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
W80 with M3 or M2 improved biological yield similarly to W100 with M2.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W80 x M3 or M2 were as similar as W100 x M2 in improving biological, straw and grain yields ha−1”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
W80 with M3 or M2 improved straw yield similarly to W100 with M2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W80 x M3 or M2 were as similar as W100 x M2 in improving biological, straw and grain yields ha−1”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
W80 with M3 or M2 improved grain yield similarly to W100 with M2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W80 x M3 or M2 were as similar as W100 x M2 in improving biological, straw and grain yields ha−1”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Under M3 or M2 mulch, W100 and W80 had similar beneficial effects on nutrient uptake.
- Treatment
- W100 or W80e0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
- Qualifier
- mulching soil with M3 or M2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar beneficial effect of W100 or W80 on nutrient uptake was obtained under mulching soil with M3 or M2.”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
M1 with W80 or W100 maximized available soil phosphorus.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M1 x W80 or W100 achieved the maximally available phosphorus (P) in soil”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
M3 with W80 improved water use efficiency stably in both seasons.
- Treatment
- M3 x W80e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- during the two studied seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M3 x W80 showed stable improvement in water use efficiency during the two studied seasons”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and mulching combinations reduced soil calcium carbonate by 5.6.1–32.6% relative to its initial level.
- Treatment
- irrigation and soil mulching combinationse0
- Outcome
- calcium carbonate (CaCO3)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5.6.1–32.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 25.42%e0
- Comparator
- initial CaCO3 in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Due to irrigation and soil mulching combinations, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was reduced by 5.6.1–32.6% compared to the initial CaCO3 in soil (25.42%).”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 7.2 ton ha−1 sugar beet residue mulch with irrigation at 80% of crop evapotranspiration for maize in calcareous soil.
- Outcome
- application of sugar beet residues at a rate of 7.2 ton ha−1 and moderate irrigation water supply, that is 80% of crop evapotranspiratione0
- Setting
- calcareous soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of sugar beet residues at a rate of 7.2 ton ha−1 and moderate irrigation water supply, that is 80% of crop evapotranspiration may be considered a promising quixotic practice for regulating deficit irrigation in maize grown in calcareous soils”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Continued compatible irrigation and mulching could improve calcareous soil properties year after year.
- Outcome
- Continuous application of compatible irrigation regime and soil mulchinge0
- Qualifier
- could have the potentiality to improve calcareous soil properties year after yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous application of compatible irrigation regime and soil mulching, for example, 80% of crop evapotranspiration plus soil mulching could have the potentiality to improve calcareous soil properties year after year.”
t0“Soil mulching and deficit irrigation effect on sustainability of nutrients availability and uptake, and productivity of maize grown in calcareous soils”
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