Abstract
In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Haihe Plain, China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation, field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring, including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods (control (CK), the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage) and a series of single, restrictive irrigation regimes (SRI) comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage (3LI), 4LI, 5LI, and 6LI. There are five major findings: (1) The senescence (determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK, showed no significant difference with that in 5LI and 6LI, and occurred significantly later than that in 3LI. (2) Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively. Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3LI and 6LI; however, drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4LI and 5LI. (3) Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the early stage of grain filling; however, these activities would subsequently decrease. Among the four SRI treatments, the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4LI, and the combined malondialdehyde (MDA) content in flag leaves in 4LI and 5LI was 14.5% lower on average than that in 3LI and 6LI. (4) The soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) contents in 4LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments; however, they were lower than those in CK. The abscisic acid (ABA) hormone content in 4LI and 5LI was lower than that in 3LI and 6LI, respectively, suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4LI and 5LI. (5) In two growing seasons, there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4LI (i.e., 13.4% higher than that in 5LI and 6LI) and the 1 000-grain weight in 4LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments (i.e., 6.0% higher than that in the other three SRI treatments). Therefore, a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf senescence under 4LI was moderately earlier than CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivume1 - Organ / stage
- flag leaft0
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The senescence (determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
t0“flag leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf senescence under 4LI did not significantly differ from 5LI and 6LI.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“showed no significant difference with that in 5LI and 6LI”
e1“The senescence (determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4LI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf senescence under 4LI was significantly later than under 3LI.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 4LIe1
- Outcome
- senescencee1
- Direction
- latere0
- Comparator
- 3LIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“occurred significantly later than that in 3LI”
e1“The senescence (determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4LI treatment”
e2“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GLA under 4LI exceeded other SRI treatments by 14.82%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- GLA valuee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14.82e0
- Comparator
- other SRI treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate under 4LI exceeded other SRI treatments by 20.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20.1%e0
- Comparator
- other SRI treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress under 3LI and 6LI disrupted mesophyll cell and chloroplast arrangement.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arrangede0
- Qualifier
- 3LI and 6LIe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3LI and 6LI”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress minimally affected flag-leaf microstructure under 4LI and 5LI.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- microstructuree0
- Direction
- minimal negative effectse0
- Qualifier
- 4LI and 5LIe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4LI and 5LI”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Postponed irrigation increased SOD and CAT activities early in grain filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- early stage of grain fillinge0
- Treatment
- Postponed irrigation in springe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the early stage of grain filling”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD and CAT activities subsequently declined.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activitiese1
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these activities would subsequently decrease”
e1“superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities”
e2“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall enzyme activities were highest under 4LI among SRI treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- overall enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- the four SRI treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the four SRI treatments, the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4LI”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf MDA content under 4LI and 5LI averaged 14.5% lower than under 3LI and 6LI.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- 4LI and 5LIe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 14.5%e0
- Comparator
- 3LI and 6LIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined malondialdehyde (MDA) content in flag leaves in 4LI and 5LI was 14.5% lower on average than that in 3LI and 6LI”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar and proline contents were highest under 4LI among SRI treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- the four SRI treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) contents in 4LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar and proline contents under 4LI were lower than CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar (SS) and proline (Pro) contents in 4LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments; however, they were lower than those in CK.”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA content under 4LI and 5LI was lower than under 3LI and 6LI, respectively.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LI and 5LIe0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) hormone contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- 3LI and 6LIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abscisic acid (ABA) hormone content in 4LI and 5LI was lower than that in 3LI and 6LI, respectively”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike density under 4LI was 13.4% higher than under 5LI and 6LI.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per unit areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13.4%e0
- Comparator
- 5LI and 6LIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4LI (i.e., 13.4% higher than that in 5LI and 6LI)”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand-grain weight under 4LI was highest among SRI treatments, 6.0% above the other three.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 4LIe0
- Outcome
- 1 000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.0%e0
- Comparator
- the other three SRI treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 1 000-grain weight in 4LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments (i.e., 6.0% higher than that in the other three SRI treatments)”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend one restrictive irrigation at the four-leaf unfolding stage to slow flag-leaf senescence and achieve high yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stagee0
- Outcome
- slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield”
e1“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.