Abstract
In the face of climate change and the predicted increase in the frequency and severity of abiotic stresses (e.g., hot spell, salinity), we sought to investigate the effect of salinity (S), short episodes of high temperature (HS) and combination of salinity and high temperature (SHS), at the reproductive phase, on yield with a special focus on the properties of dead pericarps of Brassica juncea. Three interval exposures to HS resulted in massive seed abortion, and seeds from salt-treated plants germinated poorly. Germination rate and final germination of B. juncea seeds were slightly reduced in the presence of salt and SHS pericarp extracts. All pericarp extracts completely inhibited seed germination of tomato and Arabidopsis, but removal of pericarp extracts almost fully restored seed germination. Heat and salinity profoundly affected the accumulation of phytohormones in dead pericarps. Combined stresses highly reduced IAA and ABA levels compared with salt, and enhanced the accumulation of GA1, but abolished the positive effect of salt on the accumulation of GA4, JA and SA. Interestingly, pericarp extracts displayed priming activity and significantly affected seedling performance in a manner dependent on the species and on the origin of the pericarp. While control pericarps improved and reduced the seedlings’ performance of autologous and heterologous species, respectively, pericarps from salt-treated plants were harmless or improved heterologous seedling performance. Thus, the strategy employed by the germinating seed for securing resources is set up, at least partly, by the mother plant in conjunction with the maternal environment whose components are stored in the dead maternal organs enclosing the embryo.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three heat episodes caused massive seed abortion.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea
Brassica junceae1 - Treatment
- HSe0
- Outcome
- seed abortione0
- Direction
- massivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three interval exposures to HS resulted in massive seed abortion”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from salt treated plants germinated poorly.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- salt-treatede0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Direction
- poorlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds from salt-treated plants germinated poorly”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt pericarp extracts slightly reduced B. juncea germination.
- Taxon
- B. junceaBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- salte0
- Outcome
- Germination rate and final germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination rate and final germination of B. juncea seeds were slightly reduced in the presence of salt and SHS pericarp extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress pericarp extracts slightly reduced B. juncea germination.
- Taxon
- B. junceaBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- SHS pericarp extractse0
- Outcome
- Germination rate and final germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination rate and final germination of B. juncea seeds were slightly reduced in the presence of salt and SHS pericarp extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp extracts completely inhibited tomato germination.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- All pericarp extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All pericarp extracts completely inhibited seed germination of tomato and Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp extracts completely inhibited Arabidopsis germination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- All pericarp extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All pericarp extracts completely inhibited seed germination of tomato and Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing extracts nearly restored seed germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- removal of pericarp extractse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- almost fullye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“removal of pericarp extracts almost fully restored seed germination”
e1“seed germination of tomato and Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and salinity affected pericarp phytohormone accumulation.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- Heat and salinitye0
- Outcome
- accumulation of phytohormones in dead pericarpse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat and salinity profoundly affected the accumulation of phytohormones in dead pericarps”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses lowered IAA and ABA versus salt alone.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- Combined stressese0
- Outcome
- IAA and ABA levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- salte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined stresses highly reduced IAA and ABA levels compared with salt”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses enhanced GA1 accumulation.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- Combined stressese2
- Outcome
- accumulation of GA1e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- salte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the accumulation of GA1”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
e2“Combined stresses highly reduced IAA and ABA levels compared with salt”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stresses abolished salt induced accumulation of GA4, JA and SA.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- Combined stressese2
- Outcome
- accumulation of GA4, JA and SAe0
- Direction
- abolishede0
- Comparator
- salte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abolished the positive effect of salt on the accumulation of GA4, JA and SA”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
e2“Combined stresses highly reduced IAA and ABA levels compared with salt”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp extracts affected seedling performance by species and origin.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- pericarp extractse0
- Outcome
- seedling performancee0
- Qualifier
- dependent on the species and on the origin of the pericarpe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pericarp extracts displayed priming activity and significantly affected seedling performance in a manner dependent on the species and on the origin of the pericarp”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Control pericarps improved autologous seedling performance.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- control pericarpse0
- Outcome
- seedlings’ performance of autologouse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control pericarps improved and reduced the seedlings’ performance of autologous and heterologous species, respectively”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Control pericarps reduced heterologous seedling performance.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- control pericarpse0
- Outcome
- heterologous speciese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control pericarps improved and reduced the seedlings’ performance of autologous and heterologous species, respectively”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt treated pericarps were harmless or improved heterologous seedlings.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceae1
- Treatment
- pericarps from salt-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- heterologous seedling performancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pericarps from salt-treated plants were harmless or improved heterologous seedling performance”
e1“dead pericarps of Brassica juncea”
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