Abstract
Abstract The growing population requires sustainable, environmentally-friendly crops. The plant growth-enhancing properties of algal extracts have suggested their use as biofertilisers. The mechanism(s) by which algal extracts affect plant growth are unknown. We examined the effects of extracts from the common green seaweed Ulva intestinalis on germination and root development in the model land plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Ulva extract concentrations above 0.1% inhibited Arabidopsis germination and root growth. Ulva extract <0.1% stimulated root growth. All concentrations of Ulva extract inhibited lateral root formation. An abscisic-acid-insensitive mutant, abi1 , showed altered sensitivity to germination- and root growth-inhibition. Ethylene- and cytokinin-insensitive mutants were partly insensitive to germination-inhibition. This suggests that different mechanisms mediate each effect of Ulva extract on early Arabidopsis development and that multiple hormones contribute to germination-inhibition. Elemental analysis showed that Ulva contains high levels of Aluminium ions (Al 3+ ). Ethylene and cytokinin have been suggested to function in Al 3+ -mediated root growth inhibition: our data suggest that if Ulva Al 3+ levels inhibit root growth, this is via a novel mechanism. We suggest algal extracts should be used cautiously as fertilisers, as the inhibitory effects on early development may outweigh any benefits if the concentration of extract is too high.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Ulva extract above 0.1% inhibited Arabidopsis germination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Ulva extract concentrations above 0.1%e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ulva extract concentrations above 0.1% inhibited Arabidopsis germination and root growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ulva extract above 0.1% inhibited Arabidopsis root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Ulva extract concentrations above 0.1%e0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ulva extract concentrations above 0.1% inhibited Arabidopsis germination and root growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ulva extract below 0.1% stimulated root growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- Ulva extract <0.1%e0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ulva extract <0.1% stimulated root growth.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
All Ulva extract concentrations inhibited lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- All concentrations of Ulva extracte0
- Outcome
- lateral root formatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All concentrations of Ulva extract inhibited lateral root formation.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The abi1 mutant had altered sensitivity to inhibition of germination and root growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- abi1e0
- Outcome
- altered sensitivity to germination- and root growth-inhibitione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An abscisic-acid-insensitive mutant, abi1 , showed altered sensitivity to germination- and root growth-inhibition.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene- and cytokinin-insensitive mutants were partly insensitive to inhibition of germination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- Ethylene- and cytokinin-insensitive mutantse0
- Outcome
- partly insensitive to germination-inhibitione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene- and cytokinin-insensitive mutants were partly insensitive to germination-inhibition.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ulva contained high levels of aluminium ions.
- Outcome
- high levels of Aluminium ions (Al 3+ )e0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
UlvaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Elemental analysis showed that Ulva contains high levels of Aluminium ions (Al 3+ ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Different mechanisms may mediate distinct effects of Ulva extract on Arabidopsis development.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- each effect of Ulva extract on early Arabidopsis developmente0
- Qualifier
- different mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that different mechanisms mediate each effect of Ulva extract on early Arabidopsis development and that multiple hormones contribute to germination-inhibition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple hormones may contribute to germination inhibition by Ulva extract.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- germination-inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- multiple hormonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that different mechanisms mediate each effect of Ulva extract on early Arabidopsis development and that multiple hormones contribute to germination-inhibition.”
Claim · model-written summary
If aluminium in Ulva inhibits root growth, the mechanism may be novel.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Compound
- Al 3+e0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Qualifier
- via a novel mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“our data suggest that if Ulva Al 3+ levels inhibit root growth, this is via a novel mechanism.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise caution when using algal extracts as fertilizers at high concentrations.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- algal extracts should be used cautiously as fertiliserse0
- Qualifier
- if the concentration of extract is too highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We suggest algal extracts should be used cautiously as fertilisers, as the inhibitory effects on early development may outweigh any benefits if the concentration of extract is too high.”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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