Abstract
Anthocyanin extract has been applied in agricultural production and enhanced tolerance of plants to adverse effects of Cd stress. Rice was subjected to different concentration of Cd and blueberry anthocyanin, and the effects on rice growth, antioxidative defense, Cd distribution in rice tissues, FTIR and TEM characterization of rice leaves were examined to explain the Cd reductions in rice grains and the protective mechanisms by blueberry anthocyanin. Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stages was effective for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains and increasing the rice yield, anthocyanin and Cd concentration of rice leaves under 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stress. The Cd concentration in rice grains was less than the China national standard of Cd for rice grains (0.2 mg/kg) after surface spraying by 5.0–12.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stress, while 7.5 g/L spray concentration was the best choice. Blueberry anthocyanin spraying prevents Cd from being transferred from leaves to rice grains mainly by fixation of Cd in soluble and organelle fractions at the tillering and booting stages, and reduces H2O2 and MDA accumulation in rice leaves to decrease Cd toxicity. Combined with FTIR and TEM characterization of rice leaves, the results indicated that surface spraying of 7.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stress could effectively relieve Cd oxidative damage, and form chelates with Cd ions to immobilize Cd in rice leaves. Hence, blueberry anthocyanin could be used as a foliar resistance control agent to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains through chelate compound synthesis and decrease Cd toxicity by preventing membrane lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Blueberry anthocyanin spray reduced cadmium in rice grain under both cadmium stress levels.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- rice grainse0
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stagese0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in rice grainse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stages was effective for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains and increasing the rice yield, anthocyanin and Cd concentration of rice leaves under 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blueberry anthocyanin spray increased rice yield under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stagese0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stages was effective for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains and increasing the rice yield, anthocyanin and Cd concentration of rice leaves under 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The spray increased anthocyanin and cadmium concentrations in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rice leavese0
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stagese0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin and Cd concentration of rice leavese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spray of blueberry anthocyanin at tillering and booting stages was effective for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains and increasing the rice yield, anthocyanin and Cd concentration of rice leaves under 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg Cd stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.0 mg/kg cadmium, 5.0–12.5 g/L anthocyanin sprays brought grain cadmium below 0.2 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 5.0–12.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in rice grainse0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Value
- 0.2 mg/kge0
- Comparator
- China national standard of Cd for rice grainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd concentration in rice grains was less than the China national standard of Cd for rice grains (0.2 mg/kg) after surface spraying by 5.0–12.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified 7.5 g/L anthocyanin as the best spray concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- 7.5 g/L spray concentratione0
- Direction
- best choicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while 7.5 g/L spray concentration was the best choice.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin spraying fixed cadmium in soluble and organelle fractions in leaves, limiting transfer to grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Blueberry anthocyanin sprayinge0
- Outcome
- Cd from being transferred from leaves to rice grainse0
- Direction
- preventse0
- Qualifier
- fixation of Cd in soluble and organelle fractionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blueberry anthocyanin spraying prevents Cd from being transferred from leaves to rice grains mainly by fixation of Cd in soluble and organelle fractions at the tillering and booting stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin spray reduced hydrogen peroxide and MDA accumulation in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- anthocyanin extractt0
- Outcome
- H2O2 and MDA accumulation in rice leavese0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduces H2O2 and MDA accumulation in rice leaves to decrease Cd toxicity.”
t0“Foliar application of anthocyanin extract regulates cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at tillering and booting stages”
Claim · model-written summary
The 7.5 g/L spray relieved cadmium oxidative damage under 1.0 mg/kg cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 7.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- relievee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surface spraying of 7.5 g/L blueberry anthocyanin under 1.0 mg/kg Cd stress could effectively relieve Cd oxidative damage”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The spray may chelate cadmium ions and immobilize cadmium in rice leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- anthocyanin extractt0
- Outcome
- immobilize Cd in rice leavese0
- Direction
- immobilizee0
- Qualifier
- form chelates with Cd ionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“form chelates with Cd ions to immobilize Cd in rice leaves.”
t0“Foliar application of anthocyanin extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend blueberry anthocyanin as a foliar resistance agent to limit grain cadmium and toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- foliar resistance control agent to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grainse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hence, blueberry anthocyanin could be used as a foliar resistance control agent to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains through chelate compound synthesis and decrease Cd toxicity by preventing membrane lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation.”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 37 papers →anthocyanin · physiology: oxidative · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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anthocyanin · quality: phytochemicals · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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anthocyanin · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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botanical · physiology: oxidative · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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See all 37 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.