Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal whose high concentration in soil badly affects plant growth, photosynthesis, and overall yield. Metal-derived nano-particles and metal-resistant bacteria can strengthen the plant defense system against different abiotic stresses; however, little is known about the use of nanoparticles in conjunction with bacteria. This study examined the combined effect of Fe nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and a chromium-resistant bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, on rice plants grown on chromium saturated medium. Chromium stress reduced rice growth, biomass, and chlorophyll contents by causing oxidative damage leading to overproduction of electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde. Fe NPs significantly improved plant growth, biomass, yield, and photosynthetic activity by enhancing the chlorophyll contents and alleviating oxidative damage. Application of Fe NPs also reduced the uptake and accumulation of Cr in the plants by increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients to the plant. The Fe NPs decreased oxidative damage and enhanced the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in the plant to withstand Cr stress compared to the plants without Fe NPs treatments. The inoculation of rice plants with the chromium-resistant bacteria S. aureus further enhanced the positive impact of Fe NPs by transforming the toxic form of chromium (Cr6+) into a less toxic form of chromium (Cr3+). The bacterial inoculation reduced Cr uptake by plants through adsorption of Cr ions, resulting in decreased chromium ion bioavailability. At chromium level 100 mg/kg, the foliar application of Fe NPs from 0 to 20 mg/L increased the total chlorophyll contents from 2.8 to 3.9. The application of S. aureus further enhanced the chlorophyll contents from 4.4 to 5.4, respectively. The current study suggested that combining Fe NPs and S. aureus could be a viable strategy for reducing Cr toxicity and accumulation in rice plants and most likely other plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced rice growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Chromium stresse0
- Outcome
- rice growth, biomass, and chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Chromium stress reduced rice growth, biomass, and chlorophyll contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress caused oxidative damage, leading to overproduction of electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Chromium stresse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- overproductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Chromium stress reduced rice growth, biomass, and chlorophyll contents by causing oxidative damage leading to overproduction of electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe NPs significantly improved plant growth, biomass and yield.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe NPse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, biomass, yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Fe NPs significantly improved plant growth, biomass, yield, and photosynthetic activity by enhancing the chlorophyll contents and alleviating oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe NPs significantly improved photosynthetic activity by enhancing chlorophyll contents.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe NPse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Fe NPs significantly improved plant growth, biomass, yield, and photosynthetic activity by enhancing the chlorophyll contents and alleviating oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of Fe NPs reduced the uptake and accumulation of Cr in the plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- Application of Fe NPse0
- Outcome
- uptake and accumulation of Cre0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Application of Fe NPs also reduced the uptake and accumulation of Cr in the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe NPs decreased oxidative damage compared with plants without Fe NPs treatments.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe NPse0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the plants without Fe NPs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“The Fe NPs decreased oxidative damage and enhanced the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in the plant to withstand Cr stress compared to the plants without Fe NPs treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe NPs enhanced the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in the plant to withstand Cr stress compared with plants without Fe NPs.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe NPse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- the plants without Fe NPs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“The Fe NPs decreased oxidative damage and enhanced the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in the plant to withstand Cr stress compared to the plants without Fe NPs treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with the chromium-resistant bacterium S. aureus further enhanced the positive impact of Fe NPs by transforming toxic chromium (Cr6+) into a less toxic form (Cr3+).
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of rice plants with the chromium-resistant bacteria S. aureuse0
- Interactor
- S. aureus
Staphylococcus aureuse0other - Compound
- chromium (Cr6+)e0
- Outcome
- positive impact of Fe NPse0
- Qualifier
- transforming the toxic form of chromium (Cr6+) into a less toxic form of chromium (Cr3+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“The inoculation of rice plants with the chromium-resistant bacteria S. aureus further enhanced the positive impact of Fe NPs by transforming the toxic form of chromium (Cr6+) into a less toxic form of chromium (Cr3+)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation reduced Cr uptake by plants through adsorption of Cr ions, decreasing chromium ion bioavailability.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Cr uptake by plantse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- adsorption of Cr ionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“The bacterial inoculation reduced Cr uptake by plants through adsorption of Cr ions, resulting in decreased chromium ion bioavailability”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mg/kg chromium, foliar application of Fe NPs from 0 to 20 mg/L increased the total chlorophyll contents from 2.8 to 3.9.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Fe NPs from 0 to 20 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- from 2.8 to 3.9e0
- Qualifier
- chromium level 100 mg/kge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“At chromium level 100 mg/kg, the foliar application of Fe NPs from 0 to 20 mg/L increased the total chlorophyll contents from 2.8 to 3.9”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of S. aureus further enhanced the chlorophyll contents from 4.4 to 5.4.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of S. aureuse0
- Interactor
- S. aureusStaphylococcus aureuse0other
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- from 4.4 to 5.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“The application of S. aureus further enhanced the chlorophyll contents from 4.4 to 5.4”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining Fe NPs and S. aureus could be a viable strategy for reducing Cr toxicity and accumulation in rice plants.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- S. aureusStaphylococcus aureuse0other
- Outcome
- reducing Cr toxicity and accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“combining Fe NPs and S. aureus could be a viable strategy for reducing Cr toxicity and accumulation in rice plants”
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See all 29 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.