Abstract
The frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves (HWs) within terrestrial ecosystems are increasing, posing potential risks to agricultural production. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) are garnering increasing attention in the field of agriculture because of their potential to enhance photosynthesis and improve stress tolerance. In the present study, CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions. Individually, neither the CeO 2 NPs nor HWs alone negatively affected rice production or triggered stomatal closure. However, under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate by 67.6 and 33.5%, respectively. Moreover, stomatal closure in the presence of HWs and CeO 2 NPs triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increased by 32.3–57.1%), resulting in chloroplast distortion and reduced photosystem II activity (decreased by 9.4–36.4%). Metabolic, transcriptomic, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that, under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs activated a stomatal closure pathway mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) and ROS by regulating gene expression ( PP2C, NCED4, HPCA1, and RBOHD were upregulated, while CYP707A and ALMT9 were downregulated) and metabolite levels (the content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased while that of gallic acid decreased). These findings elucidate the mechanism underlying the yield and nutritional losses induced by stomatal closure in the presence of CeO 2 NPs and HWs and thus highlight the potential threat posed by CeO 2 NPs to rice production during HWs.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
CeO 2 NPs reduced rice grain yield by 16.2% under heat waves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
e1“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO 2 NPs reduced rice grain protein content by 23.9% under heat waves.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 23.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
e1“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO 2 NPs reduced rice amino acid content by 10.4% under heat waves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- amino acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
e1“CeO 2 NPs decreased the grain yield, grain protein content, and amino acid content by 16.2, 23.9, and 10.4%, respectively, under HW conditions”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO 2 NPs reduced rice stomatal conductance by 67.6% under heat waves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 67.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate by 67.6 and 33.5%, respectively”
e1“under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate by 67.6 and 33.5%, respectively”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO 2 NPs reduced rice net photosynthetic rate by 33.5% under heat waves.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate by 67.6 and 33.5%, respectively”
e1“under HW conditions, CeO 2 NPs decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate by 67.6 and 33.5%, respectively”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined heat waves and CeO 2 NPs increased reactive oxygen species accumulation by 32.3–57.1%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.3–57.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal closure in the presence of HWs and CeO 2 NPs triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increased by 32.3–57.1%)”
e1“stomatal closure in the presence of HWs and CeO 2 NPs triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increased by 32.3–57.1%)”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined exposure reduced photosystem II activity by 9.4–36.4%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse0
- Outcome
- photosystem II activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.4–36.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CeO 2 NPs triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increased by 32.3–57.1%), resulting in chloroplast distortion and reduced photosystem II activity (decreased by 9.4–36.4%)”
e1“CeO 2 NPs triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increased by 32.3–57.1%), resulting in chloroplast distortion and reduced photosystem II activity (decreased by 9.4–36.4%)”
t0“Rice by Regulating Stomatal Closure”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.