Abstract
Soil salinity affects plant growth and results in decreased agriculture productivity throughout the world. The present study was carried out to elucidate underlying mechanisms responsible for soil salinity tolerance in rice under the application of iron (Fe) as Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O. Rice seedlings were grown in pots containing soils (pH >8.0) and exposed to 0 and 150 mM (EC of 5.25 dS m−1) NaCl stress both with and without 0.5 mM Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O. Plant growth attributes like root length, shoot length, roots and shoots biomass, leaf chlorophyll contents, salt ions, plant mineral concentrations, plant antioxidant activities and cation exchange of soil were determined. Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced the leaf chlorophyll contents (34%), root fresh and dry weights (39% and 45%), shoot fresh and dry weights (35% and 53%), grain yield (39%), potassium (K) (59% and 48%), calcium (Ca) (39% and 24%), and magnesium (Mg) (59% and 50%) concentrations in roots and leaves, whereas enhanced the sodium (Na) (537% and 500%) and chloride (Cl) (425% and 156%) accumulation both in roots and leaves as compared to control. Interestingly, Fe-supply enhanced the Fe uptake by rice plants and mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on rice growth and yield by 30%. Moreover, plant antioxidant enzymatic activity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil (cmol Na+ kg−1) were enhanced by Fe-supply. In conclusion, Fe-application enhanced tolerance in rice due to down regulation of Na and up-regulation of Fe and antioxidant enzymatic activity in leaves. In addition, increased Na adsorption onto the surface of soils suggests that Fe competes with Na at soil-root interface, thereby limiting Na uptake by the plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced rice leaf chlorophyll content by 34%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contentse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 34%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“leaf chlorophyll contents (34%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced root fresh weight by 39%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“root fresh and dry weights (39% and 45%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced root dry weight by 45%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 45%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“root fresh and dry weights (39% and 45%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced shoot fresh weight by 35%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“shoot fresh and dry weights (35% and 53%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced shoot dry weight by 53%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“shoot fresh and dry weights (35% and 53%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced grain yield by 39%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“grain yield (39%)”
e2“as compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced root potassium concentration by 59%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“potassium (K) (59% and 48%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced leaf potassium concentration by 48%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“potassium (K) (59% and 48%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced root calcium concentration by 39%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“calcium (Ca) (39% and 24%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced leaf calcium concentration by 24%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“calcium (Ca) (39% and 24%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced root magnesium concentration by 59%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“magnesium (Mg) (59% and 50%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl reduced leaf magnesium concentration by 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg)e1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“magnesium (Mg) (59% and 50%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“concentrations in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl increased sodium accumulation in roots by 537%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- sodium (Na)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 537%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“enhanced the sodium (Na) (537% and 500%) and chloride (Cl) (425% and 156%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“accumulation both in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl increased sodium accumulation in leaves by 500%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- sodium (Na)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 500%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“enhanced the sodium (Na) (537% and 500%) and chloride (Cl) (425% and 156%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“accumulation both in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl increased chloride accumulation in roots by 425%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- chloride (Cl)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 425%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“enhanced the sodium (Na) (537% and 500%) and chloride (Cl) (425% and 156%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“accumulation both in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl increased chloride accumulation in leaves by 156%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese3
- Treatment
- Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mMe0
- Outcome
- chloride (Cl)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 156%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Application of NaCl at the rate of 150 mM reduced”
e1“enhanced the sodium (Na) (537% and 500%) and chloride (Cl) (425% and 156%)”
e2“as compared to control”
e3“accumulation both in roots and leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe supply mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on rice growth and yield by 30%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Fe-supplye0
- Outcome
- adverse effects of salinity on rice growth and yielde0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe-supply enhanced the Fe uptake by rice plants and mitigated the adverse effects of salinity on rice growth and yield by 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe supply enhanced Fe uptake by rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Fe-supplye0
- Outcome
- Fe uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe-supply enhanced the Fe uptake by rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe supply enhanced plant antioxidant enzymatic activity and soil cation exchange capacity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe-supplye0
- Outcome
- plant antioxidant enzymatic activity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soile0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“plant antioxidant enzymatic activity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil (cmol Na+ kg−1) were enhanced by Fe-supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application enhanced salt tolerance in rice through lower Na and higher Fe and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Fe-applicatione0
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- down regulation of Na and up-regulation of Fe and antioxidant enzymatic activity in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe-application enhanced tolerance in rice due to down regulation of Na and up-regulation of Fe and antioxidant enzymatic activity in leaves”
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