Abstract
Widespread malnutrition of zinc (Zn), iodine (I), iron (Fe) and selenium (Se), known as hidden hunger, represents a predominant cause of several health complications in human populations where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food. Therefore, increasing concentrations of these micronutrients in rice grain represents a sustainable solution to hidden hunger. This study aimed at enhancing concentration of Zn, I, Fe and Se in rice grains by agronomic biofortification. We evaluated effects of foliar application of Zn, I, Fe and Se on grain yield and grain concentration of these micronutrients in rice grown at 21 field sites during 2015 to 2017 in Brazil, China, India, Pakistan and Thailand. Experimental treatments were: i) local control (LC); ii) foliar Zn; iii) foliar I; and iv) foliar micronutrient cocktail (i.e., Zn + I + Fe + Se). Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield. However, brown rice Zn increased with foliar Zn and micronutrient cocktail treatments at all field sites, except for 3 sites. On average, brown rice Zn increased from 21.4 mg kg-1 to 28.1 mg kg-1 with the application of Zn alone and to 26.8 mg kg-1 with the micronutrient cocktail solution. Brown rice I showed particular enhancements and increased from 11 µg kg-1 to 204 µg kg-1 with the application of I alone and to 181 µg kg-1 with the cocktail. Grain Se also responded very positively to foliar spray of micronutrients and increased from 95 µg kg-1 to 380 µg kg-1. By contrast, grain Fe was not affected by the same cocktail spray at any field site, except for two sites. There was no relationship between soil extractable concentrations of these micronutrients with their grain concentrations. The results demonstrate that irrespective of the rice cultivars used and the diverse soil conditions existing in five major rice-producing countries, the foliar application of the micronutrient cocktail solution was highly effective in increasing grain Zn, I and Se. Adoption of this agronomic practice in the target countries would contribute significantly to the daily micronutrient intake and alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in human populations.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or See1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e1“Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice Zn increased with foliar Zn and micronutrient cocktail treatments at all field sites except 3 sites.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- brown ricee3
- Treatment
- foliar Zn and micronutrient cocktaile3
- Outcome
- brown rice Zne3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- except for 3 sitese3
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e3“brown rice Zn increased with foliar Zn and micronutrient cocktail treatments at all field sites, except for 3 sites”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
On average, brown rice Zn rose to 28.1 mg kg-1 with Zn alone, from 21.4 mg kg-1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- brown ricee4
- Treatment
- application of Zn alonee4
- Outcome
- brown rice Zne4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 28.1 mg kg-1e4
- Qualifier
- 21.4 mg kg-1e4
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e4“On average, brown rice Zn increased from 21.4 mg kg-1 to 28.1 mg kg-1 with the application of Zn alone”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
On average, brown rice Zn rose to 26.8 mg kg-1 with the micronutrient cocktail solution.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- brown ricee4
- Treatment
- micronutrient cocktail solutione5
- Outcome
- brown rice Zne4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 26.8 mg kg-1e5
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e4“On average, brown rice Zn increased from 21.4 mg kg-1 to 28.1 mg kg-1 with the application of Zn alone”
e5“and to 26.8 mg kg-1 with the micronutrient cocktail solution”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice I rose to 204 µg kg-1 with I alone, from 11 µg kg-1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Brown ricee6
- Treatment
- application of I alonee6
- Outcome
- Brown rice Ie6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 204 µg kg-1e6
- Qualifier
- 11 µg kg-1e6
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e6“Brown rice I showed particular enhancements and increased from 11 µg kg-1 to 204 µg kg-1 with the application of I alone”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice I rose to 181 µg kg-1 with the micronutrient cocktail.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Brown ricee6
- Treatment
- cocktaile7
- Outcome
- Brown rice Ie6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 181 µg kg-1e7
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e6“Brown rice I showed particular enhancements and increased from 11 µg kg-1 to 204 µg kg-1 with the application of I alone”
e7“and to 181 µg kg-1 with the cocktail”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Se rose to 380 µg kg-1 with foliar spray of micronutrients, from 95 µg kg-1.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Graine2
- Treatment
- foliar spray of micronutrientse2
- Outcome
- Grain See2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 380 µg kg-1e2
- Qualifier
- 95 µg kg-1e2
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e2“Grain Se also responded very positively to foliar spray of micronutrients and increased from 95 µg kg-1 to 380 µg kg-1”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Fe was not affected by the cocktail spray, except at two sites.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- graine2
- Treatment
- same cocktail spraye2
- Outcome
- grain Fee2
- Direction
- not affectede2
- Qualifier
- except for two sitese2
- Comparator
- local control (LC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e2“By contrast, grain Fe was not affected by the same cocktail spray at any field site, except for two sites”
e0“local control (LC)”
Claim · model-written summary
No relationship was found between soil extractable micronutrient concentrations and grain concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- graine2
- Outcome
- soil extractable concentrationse2
- Direction
- no relationshipe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e2“There was no relationship between soil extractable concentrations of these micronutrients with their grain concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of micronutrients in the target countries would contribute to daily micronutrient intake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Adoption of this agronomic practicee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment”
e2“Adoption of this agronomic practice in the target countries would contribute significantly to the daily micronutrient intake and alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in human populations”
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