Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency in humans, particularly in pregnant women and children, is caused by inadequate dietary Fe intake and is a global nutritional problem. Foliar fertilization is a cost-effective agronomic approach to increase Fe bioavailability in the human diet. We evaluated the effects of different Fe formulations (Fe-citrate, Fe-EDTA, FePO4, nano-Fe oxide, and humic acid (HA) with and without Fe) on growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of rice, soybean, and lettuce crops. Rice and soybean received multiple sprays at different growth stages, i.e., tillering, anthesis, and grain filling in rice as well as flowering and pod filling in soybean, while lettuce received a single foliar spray. In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased; however, the grain yield did not show this relationship. Among Fe treatments, HA+Fe was identified as the best treatment in terms of improving overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of all three crops. We found a significant positive correlation between the shoot/stover Fe content and the grain Fe content, but HA+Fe showed an opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stovers and maximal increases in the seed Fe contents in both crops, suggesting better Fe mobilization efficiency from shoots to developing seeds. We strongly recommend that HA with Fe can be used as a foliar Fe fertilizer to improve the growth, yield, and Fe status in different crops.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, seed Fe accumulation increased as the number of foliar sprays increased.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- foliar sprayse1
- Outcome
- seed Fe accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean, seed Fe accumulation increased as the number of foliar sprays increased.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- foliar sprayse1
- Outcome
- seed Fe accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, grain yield did not follow the increase in seed Fe with more foliar sprays.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e2“however, the grain yield did not show this relationship”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean, grain yield did not follow the increase in seed Fe with more foliar sprays.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e2“however, the grain yield did not show this relationship”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, shoot/stover Fe content was positively and significantly correlated with grain Fe content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- shoot/stovere3
- Outcome
- grain Fe contente3
- Direction
- positivee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e3“We found a significant positive correlation between the shoot/stover Fe content and the grain Fe content”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean, shoot/stover Fe content was positively and significantly correlated with grain Fe content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- shoot/stovere3
- Outcome
- grain Fe contente3
- Direction
- positivee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e3“We found a significant positive correlation between the shoot/stover Fe content and the grain Fe content”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, HA+Fe gave maximal increases in seed Fe contents.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- HA+Fee4
- Outcome
- seed Fe contentse4
- Direction
- maximal increasese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e4“HA+Fe showed an opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stovers and maximal increases in the seed Fe contents in both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean, HA+Fe gave maximal increases in seed Fe contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- HA+Fee4
- Outcome
- seed Fe contentse4
- Direction
- maximal increasese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e4“HA+Fe showed an opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stovers and maximal increases in the seed Fe contents in both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice, HA+Fe gave minimal Fe retention in shoots and stovers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- HA+Fee4
- Outcome
- Fe retention in shoots/stoverse4
- Direction
- minimale4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e4“HA+Fe showed an opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stovers and maximal increases in the seed Fe contents in both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean, HA+Fe gave minimal Fe retention in shoots and stovers.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- HA+Fee4
- Outcome
- Fe retention in shoots/stoverse4
- Direction
- minimale4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In rice and soybean, the seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays increased”
e4“HA+Fe showed an opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stovers and maximal increases in the seed Fe contents in both crops”
Claim · model-written summary
HA+Fe was the best treatment for overall growth, yield and edible-part Fe accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HA+Fee5
- Outcome
- overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible partse5
- Direction
- beste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Foliar Application of Humic Acid with Fe Supplement Improved Rice, Soybean, and Lettuce Iron Fortification”
e5“HA+Fe was identified as the best treatment in terms of improving overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of all three crops”
Claim · model-written summary
HA+Fe was the best treatment for overall growth, yield and edible-part Fe accumulation in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- HA+Fee5
- Outcome
- overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible partse5
- Direction
- beste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Foliar Application of Humic Acid with Fe Supplement Improved Rice, Soybean, and Lettuce Iron Fortification”
e5“HA+Fe was identified as the best treatment in terms of improving overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of all three crops”
Claim · model-written summary
HA+Fe was the best treatment for overall growth, yield and edible-part Fe accumulation in lettuce.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- HA+Fee5
- Outcome
- overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible partse5
- Direction
- beste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Foliar Application of Humic Acid with Fe Supplement Improved Rice, Soybean, and Lettuce Iron Fortification”
e5“HA+Fe was identified as the best treatment in terms of improving overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of all three crops”
Claim · model-written summary
HA with Fe should be used as a foliar Fe fertilizer to improve growth, yield and Fe status in different crops.
Verbatim
e6“We strongly recommend that HA with Fe can be used as a foliar Fe fertilizer to improve the growth, yield, and Fe status in different crops”
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See all 166 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.