Abstract
Bollworms resistance to most registered insecticides has become a major obstacle to their successful chemical control with conventional insecticides. Therefore, field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station in 2010 and 2011 cotton seasons to study the efficiency of four new mixtures (M) of insecticides, i.e. chloropyrifos + cypermethrin (M1), chloropyrifos + lufenuron (M2), flufenoxuron + alpha-cypermethrin (M3) and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (M4) and two conventional insecticides, chloropyrifos and alphacypermethrin, against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.). Also, their side effects on associated predators were studied. In 2010 season, M3 and alpha-cypermethrin in three successive sprays of each proved to be the superior recording 81.58 and 79.85% reduction in larval infestation, respectively. M4, M1 and chloropyrifos came in the second order without significant differences causing 77.38, 76.65 and 75.27% reduction, respectively. M2 was the least effective with reduction percentage of 74.15. The results of 2011 season showed the same trend of effect for all the tested compounds. According to their side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction. The obtained results indicated that, the new tested mixtures of insecticides did not exhibit additional advantages in control of the cotton bollworms comparing to the conventional toxicants, where they showed approximately the same effectiveness against the pest and were harmful to the associated predators. Moreover, cross-resistance could be developed after repeated application of these mixtures.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
In the 2010 cotton season, three successive sprays of the mixture M3 (flufenoxuron + alpha-cypermethrin) reduced bollworm larval infestation by 81.58%, among the superior treatments.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- M3e0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiella
Pectinophora gossypiellae1pest - Second interactor
- Earias insulana
.jpg?width=60)
Earias insulanae1pest - Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 81.58e0
- Qualifier
- In 2010 seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In 2010 season, M3 and alpha-cypermethrin in three successive sprays of each proved to be the superior recording 81.58 and 79.85% reduction in larval infestation”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 2010 cotton season, three successive sprays of alpha-cypermethrin reduced bollworm larval infestation by 79.85%, among the superior treatments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- alpha-cypermethrine0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 79.85%e0
- Qualifier
- In 2010 seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2010 season, M3 and alpha-cypermethrin in three successive sprays of each proved to be the superior recording 81.58 and 79.85% reduction in larval infestation”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010, the mixture M4 reduced larval infestation by 77.38%, in the second order without significant differences from M1 and chloropyrifos.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M4e0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 77.38e0
- Qualifier
- without significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M4, M1 and chloropyrifos came in the second order without significant differences causing 77.38, 76.65 and 75.27% reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010, the mixture M1 reduced larval infestation by 76.65%, in the second order without significant differences from M4 and chloropyrifos.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M1e0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 76.65e0
- Qualifier
- without significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M4, M1 and chloropyrifos came in the second order without significant differences causing 77.38, 76.65 and 75.27% reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010, chloropyrifos reduced larval infestation by 75.27%, in the second order without significant differences from M4 and M1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- chloropyrifose0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 75.27%e0
- Qualifier
- without significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M4, M1 and chloropyrifos came in the second order without significant differences causing 77.38, 76.65 and 75.27% reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2010, the mixture M2 was the least effective, with a 74.15 reduction percentage of larval infestation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M2e0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- larval infestatione2
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 74.15e0
- Qualifier
- least effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M2 was the least effective with reduction percentage of 74.15”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
e2“larval infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2011 season showed the same trend of effect as 2010 for all the tested insecticide compounds on bollworm infestation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- all the tested compoundse0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- same trend of effecte0
- Direction
- same trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of 2011 season showed the same trend of effect for all the tested compounds”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alpha-cypermethrin caused an 81.00% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- alpha-cypermethrine0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 81.00e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture M4 caused a 77.96% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M4e0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 77.96e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture M3 caused a 76.68% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M3e0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 76.68e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture M1 caused a 69.02% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M1e0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 69.02e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture M2 caused a 66.07% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- M2e0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 66.07e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropyrifos caused a 64.28% reduction of associated predators in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- chloropyrifose0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- side-effects against associated predatorse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 64.28e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“side-effects against associated predators, the tested toxicants could be arranged descendingly as follows, alpha-cypermethrin (81.00), M4 (77.96), M3 (76.68), M1 (69.02), M2 (66.07) and chloropyrifos (64.28) % reduction”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The new insecticide mixtures gave no additional advantage in controlling cotton bollworms over the conventional insecticides, with approximately the same effectiveness against the pest.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- new tested mixtures of insecticidese0
- Interactor
- Pectinophora gossypiellaPectinophora gossypiellae1pest
- Second interactor
- Earias insulanaEarias insulanae1pest
- Outcome
- control of the cotton bollwormse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Qualifier
- approximately the same effectiveness against the peste0
- Comparator
- conventional toxicantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the new tested mixtures of insecticides did not exhibit additional advantages in control of the cotton bollworms comparing to the conventional toxicants, where they showed approximately the same effectiveness against the pest”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The new insecticide mixtures were harmful to the associated predators.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- new tested mixtures of insecticidese0
- Interactor
- associated predatorse0other
- Outcome
- harmful to the associated predatorse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the new tested mixtures of insecticides did not exhibit additional advantages in control of the cotton bollworms comparing to the conventional toxicants, where they showed approximately the same effectiveness against the pest and were harmful to the associated predators”
e1“against cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cross-resistance could develop after repeated application of these insecticide mixtures.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“cross-resistance could be developed after repeated application of these mixtures”
The same questions in other papers
alpha-cypermethrin · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
insecticide · ecology: diversity · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →insecticide · Pectinophora gossypiella · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.