Abstract
Soil salinity is a serious threat to agriculture worldwide. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an in-demand oilseed crop containing 40–60% highly valued oil in its seeds. It is moderately sensitive to salinity. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess plant growth and ion tissue distribution in different castor bean genotypes under various salt stress conditions to explore their potential for cultivation on saline land. Experiment 1 evaluated the response of five castor bean genotypes to four salt treatments (0, 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl) up to 91 days after sowing (DAS). Experiment 2 further evaluated two genotypes selected from Experiment 1 in 1 m deep PVC tubes exposed to 0, 100, or 200 mM NaCl treatment for 112 DAS (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants. Two genotypes, Zibo (Chinese variety) and Freo (Australian wild type), were more salt-tolerant than the other tested genotypes. In Experiment 2, salt-stressed Zibo flowered earlier than the control, while flowering time of Freo was not influenced by salt stress. The 200 mM NaCl treatment reduced the total root length and increased the average root diameter of both Zibo and Freo compared to the control. In addition, the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control. In contrast, the 100 mM NaCl treatment did not significantly affect these traits, indicating that both genotypes tolerated salt stress up to 100 mM NaCl. In general, Freo had greater salt tolerance than Zibo, due to its higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration, and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves under salt conditions. In conclusion, genotype Freo is recommended for cultivation in saline soils and could be used to breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypes.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height and stem diameter of castor bean
- Taxon
- castor bean
Ricinus communise1 - Treatment
- salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- plant height, stem diametere1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced shoot and root dry weights of castor bean
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Treatment
- salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weightse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced photosynthetic traits of castor bean
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Treatment
- salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic traitse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced leaf K+/Na+ ratio of castor bean
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Treatment
- salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- leaf K+/Na+ ratioe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) increased leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Treatment
- salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl)e1
- Outcome
- leaf Na+ concentratione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“Experiment 1 showed that salt addition (particularly 150 mM NaCl) reduced plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry weights, photosynthetic traits, and leaf K+/Na+ ratio while increasing the leaf Na+ concentration of castor bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zibo and Freo were more salt-tolerant than the other tested castor bean genotypes
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Zibo (Chinese variety) and Freo (Australian wild type)e2
- Outcome
- salt-tolerante2
- Direction
- more salt-tolerante2
- Comparator
- the other tested genotypese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e2“Two genotypes, Zibo (Chinese variety) and Freo (Australian wild type), were more salt-tolerant than the other tested genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-stressed Zibo flowered earlier than the control
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Ziboe3
- Treatment
- salt-stressede3
- Outcome
- flowerede3
- Direction
- earliere3
- Comparator
- the controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e3“In Experiment 2, salt-stressed Zibo flowered earlier than the control, while flowering time of Freo was not influenced by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress did not influence flowering time of Freo
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Freoe3
- Treatment
- salt stresse3
- Outcome
- flowering timee3
- Direction
- not influencede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e3“In Experiment 2, salt-stressed Zibo flowered earlier than the control, while flowering time of Freo was not influenced by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment reduced total root length of Zibo and Freo compared with the control
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Zibo and Freoe4
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente4
- Outcome
- total root lengthe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e4“The 200 mM NaCl treatment reduced the total root length and increased the average root diameter of both Zibo and Freo compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment increased average root diameter of Zibo and Freo compared with the control
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Zibo and Freoe4
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente4
- Outcome
- average root diametere4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e4“The 200 mM NaCl treatment reduced the total root length and increased the average root diameter of both Zibo and Freo compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment decreased total leaf area of both castor bean genotypes by 50% relative to the control
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise5
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente5
- Outcome
- total leaf areae5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 50%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e5“the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment decreased chlorophyll content of both castor bean genotypes by 10.6% relative to the control
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise5
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 10.6%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e5“the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment decreased shoot dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 53.1% relative to the control
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise5
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente5
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 53.1%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e5“the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 200 mM NaCl treatment decreased root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 59.4% relative to the control
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise5
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCl treatmente5
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 59.4%e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e5“the 200 mM NaCl treatment significantly decreased total leaf area, chlorophyll content, and shoot and root dry weight of both castor bean genotypes by 50%, 10.6%, 53.1%, and 59.4%, respectively, relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100 mM NaCl treatment did not significantly affect these traits of either genotype, indicating tolerance up to 100 mM NaCl
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCl treatmente6
- Outcome
- these traitse6
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte6
- Qualifier
- tolerated salt stress up to 100 mM NaCle6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e6“In contrast, the 100 mM NaCl treatment did not significantly affect these traits, indicating that both genotypes tolerated salt stress up to 100 mM NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Freo had greater salt tolerance than Zibo
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Freoe7
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- Ziboe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e7“In general, Freo had greater salt tolerance than Zibo, due to its higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration, and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves under salt conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater salt tolerance of Freo is explained by higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves
- Taxon
- Castor BeanRicinus communist0
- Material
- Freoe7
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee7
- Qualifier
- higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration, and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves under salt conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e7“In general, Freo had greater salt tolerance than Zibo, due to its higher average root diameter, lower Na+ concentration, and higher K+/Na+ ratio in young leaves under salt conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype Freo is recommended for cultivation in saline soils
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Material
- Freoe1
- Outcome
- cultivation in saline soilse1
- Setting
- saline soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“In conclusion, genotype Freo is recommended for cultivation in saline soils and could be used to breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Freo could be used to breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypes
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise1
- Material
- Freoe1
- Outcome
- breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)”
e1“In conclusion, genotype Freo is recommended for cultivation in saline soils and could be used to breed high-yielding and salt-tolerant castor bean genotypes”
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