Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a common problem in major apple planting areas, and biological factors play a leading role in its etiology. Here, we isolated the bacterial strain QSB-6 from the rhizosphere soil of healthy apple trees in a replanted orchard using the serial dilution method. Strain QSB-6 was provisionally identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, carbon source utilization, and chemical sensitivity. Maximum likelihood analysis based on four gene sequences [16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA), DNA gyrase subunit A (gyrA), DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), and RNA polymerase subunit B (rpoB)] from QSB-6 and other strains indicated that it had 100% homology with B. amyloliquefaciens , thereby confirming its identification. Flat standoff tests showed that strain QSB-6 had a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium proliferatum , Fusarium solani , Fusarium verticillioides , Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus , Phoma sp., Valsa mali , Rhizoctonia solani , Penicillium brasilianum , and Albifimbria verrucaria , and it had broad-spectrum antibacterial characteristics. Extracellular metabolites from strain QSB-6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium hyphal growth and spore germination, causing irregular swelling, atrophy, rupture, and cytoplasmic leakage of fungal hyphae. Analysis of its metabolites showed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, 3- hydroxy-, methyl ester had good inhibitory effects on Fusarium , and increased the length of primary roots and the number of lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plantlet. Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. It increased root length, surface area, tips, and forks, respiration rate, protective enzyme activities, and the number of soil bacteria while reducing the number of soil fungi. Fermentation broth from strain QSB-6 effectively prevented root damage from Fusarium . terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays showed that the T2 treatment significantly reduced the abundance of Fusarium in the soil and altered the soil fungal community structure. In summary, B. amyloliquefaciens QSB-6 has a good inhibitory effect on Fusarium in the soil and can significantly promote plant root growth. It has great potential as a biological control agent against ARD.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 100% sequence homology.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Maximum likelihood analysis based on four gene sequences [16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA), DNA gyrase subunit A (gyrA), DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), and RNA polymerase subunit B (rpoB)] from QSB-6 and other strains indicated that it had 100% homology with B. amyloliquefaciens , thereby confirming its identification.”
t0“Its Effect on Plant Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 inhibited a broad range of tested fungi.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Flat standoff tests showed that strain QSB-6 had a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium proliferatum , Fusarium solani , Fusarium verticillioides , Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus , Phoma sp., Valsa mali , Rhizoctonia solani , Penicillium brasilianum , and Albifimbria verrucaria , and it had broad-spectrum antibacterial characteristics.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 extracellular metabolites inhibited Fusarium hyphal growth and spore germination and damaged hyphae.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Extracellular metabolites from strain QSB-6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium hyphal growth and spore germination, causing irregular swelling, atrophy, rupture, and cytoplasmic leakage of fungal hyphae.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two QSB-6 metabolites inhibited Fusarium.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of its metabolites showed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, 3- hydroxy-, methyl ester had good inhibitory effects on Fusarium”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 metabolites increased primary root length and lateral root number in Arabidopsis plantlets.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, 3- hydroxy-, methyl estere0
- Outcome
- length of primary roots and the number of lateral rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of its metabolites showed that 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and benzeneacetic acid, 3- hydroxy-, methyl ester had good inhibitory effects on Fusarium , and increased the length of primary roots and the number of lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plantlet.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer significantly improved Malus hupehensis seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Malus hupehensis Rehd.
Malus hupehensise0 - Treatment
- QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2)e0
- Interactor
- QSB-6e0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 treatment increased root length, surface area, tips and forks in Malus seedlings.
- Taxon
- Malus hupehensis Rehd.Malus hupehensise0
- Treatment
- QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2)e0
- Outcome
- root length, surface area, tips, and forkse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. It increased root length, surface area, tips, and forks, respiration rate, protective enzyme activities, and the number of soil bacteria while reducing the number of soil fungi.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 treatment increased root respiration and protective enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Malus hupehensis Rehd.Malus hupehensise0
- Treatment
- QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2)e0
- Outcome
- respiration rate, protective enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. It increased root length, surface area, tips, and forks, respiration rate, protective enzyme activities, and the number of soil bacteria while reducing the number of soil fungi.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 increased soil bacteria and reduced soil fungi in the seedling pots.
- Taxon
- Malus hupehensis Rehd.Malus hupehensise0
- Treatment
- QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2)e0
- Outcome
- number of soil bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments demonstrated that a QSB-6 bacterial fertilizer treatment (T2) significantly improved the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. It increased root length, surface area, tips, and forks, respiration rate, protective enzyme activities, and the number of soil bacteria while reducing the number of soil fungi.”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 fermentation broth prevented Fusarium root damage.
- Treatment
- Fermentation broth from strain QSB-6e0
- Outcome
- root damage from Fusariume0
- Direction
- preventede0
FusariumNot reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fermentation broth from strain QSB-6 effectively prevented root damage from Fusarium .”
Claim · model-written summary
QSB-6 treatment significantly reduced soil Fusarium abundance and altered soil fungal community structure.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays showed that the T2 treatment significantly reduced the abundance of Fusarium in the soil and altered the soil fungal community structure.”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · growth · Malus hupehensisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fertilization · soil: biology · Malus hupehensisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.