Abstract
Abstract Background Phosphorus (P) deficiency in acidic red soil restricts crop yield. However, long‐term application of phosphate fertilizer can cause potential environmental risks due to the accumulation of P in the soil. Aims Our aim was to determine the distribution characteristics of P fractions in acidic red soil profiles and the environmental risk of soil P losses after application of organic fertilizer and lime, and analyze the key factors driving P distribution in the soil profile of acidic red soil. Methods Based on the long‑term applicationof fertilizers and quicklime in the acidic soil under wheat–maize rotation system, contents of soil Olsen‐P and CaCl 2 ‐P, as well as pH, at multiple soil layers between 0 and 50 cm depths were monitored. The environmental critical P levels were determined using a two‐segment linear model. Results During 1990–2010 and 2011–2014, application of phosphate fertilizer or quicklime on acidic red soil significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the annual average aboveground biomass of wheat and maize and P recovery efficiency. Soil Olsen‐P and CaCl 2 ‐P contents increased with the application of phosphate fertilizer, especially in combination with manure, and the increase mainly concentrated at the 0–20‐cm soil layer. The environmental critical Olsen‐P content was 99.7 mg kg −1 . The Olsen‐P contents at different soil layers were mainly affected by cumulative P and organic P inputs, but were less affected by soil pH. Conclusions The application of organic fertilizer and lime can prevent the acidification of red soil, and the application of organic fertilizer should reduce the total phosphate fertilizer input to prevent rapid accumulation of P and risk of P loss in leachate while still improving the crop utilization rate of P fertilizer. Thus, this strategy should help achieve the concomitant goals of high crop yield and environmental protection.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate fertilizer or quicklime increased average aboveground biomass of wheat and maize.
- Taxon
- wheat and maize
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- phosphate fertilizer or quicklimee0
- Outcome
- annual average aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of phosphate fertilizer or quicklime on acidic red soil significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the annual average aboveground biomass of wheat and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate fertilizer or quicklime increased phosphorus recovery efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheat and maizeTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- phosphate fertilizer or quicklimee0
- Outcome
- P recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of phosphate fertilizer or quicklime on acidic red soil significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the annual average aboveground biomass of wheat and maize and P recovery efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate fertilizer increased soil Olsen-P and CaCl2-P, especially with manure, mainly in the upper soil layer.
- Treatment
- application of phosphate fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Soil Olsen‐P and CaCl 2 ‐P contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0–20‐cm soil layere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil Olsen‐P and CaCl 2 ‐P contents increased with the application of phosphate fertilizer, especially in combination with manure, and the increase mainly concentrated at the 0–20‐cm soil layer.”
Claim · model-written summary
The environmental critical Olsen-P content was 99.7 mg kg−1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The environmental critical Olsen‐P content was 99.7 mg kg −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative phosphorus and organic phosphorus inputs mainly affected soil Olsen-P contents, while soil pH had less effect.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The Olsen‐P contents at different soil layers were mainly affected by cumulative P and organic P inputs, but were less affected by soil pH.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reducing total phosphate fertilizer input when organic fertilizer is applied to prevent phosphorus accumulation and leaching.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the application of organic fertilizer should reduce the total phosphate fertilizer input to prevent rapid accumulation of P and risk of P loss in leachate”
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See all 755 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.