Abstract
Fertilization with high levels of phosphorus increases the risk of environmental pollution. Identification of critical values of P in soil (SOP) and in plant tissues (PiP) is essential for achieving the maximum wheat yield without P loss. The critical value is the value of P which gives the optimum yield; the response of crop yield to P fertilization above this value is not predictable or nil. Here, a 4-year field experiment was conducted to identify the SOP and PiP for achieving maximum yield of bread wheat using 11 rates of P fertilization (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 kg P2O5 ha−1). The linear–linear and Mitscherlich exponential models were employed to estimate the PiP and SOP. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was used to assess the potential environmental risk; furthermore, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was also calculated under the studied fertilization levels. Phosphorus in soil and wheat plant was affected by the application rates and growing seasons. Increasing P fertilization rates led to gradual increases in soil and plant P. The SOP ranged between 21 and 32 mg kg−1, while the PiP ranged between 6.40 and 7.49 g kg−1. The critical values of P calculated from the Mitscherlich exponential models were 20% higher than those calculated from the linear–linear models. Adding levels of P fertilization ≥90 kg P2O5 ha−1 leads to higher potentials of P runoff and leaching, in addition, PUE decreased sharply under high P fertilization levels. The response of wheat yield to P fertilization in sandy calcareous soil is predictable below Olsen P values of 21 mg kg−1. Identification of critical P values for wheat production is of great importance to help policy makers improve P use efficiency and attain optimum wheat yield under eco-friendly environmental conditions by eliminating the accumulation of excess P fertilizers in soil and water.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P fertilization gradually increased soil P.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Increasing P fertilization ratese0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing P fertilization rates led to gradual increases in soil and plant P”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P fertilization gradually increased plant P.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Increasing P fertilization ratese0
- Outcome
- plant Pe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing P fertilization rates led to gradual increases in soil and plant P”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical soil P ranged from 21 to 32 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- SOPe0
- Value
- 21 and 32 mg kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SOP ranged between 21 and 32 mg kg−1”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Critical plant P ranged from 6.40 to 7.49 g kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- PiPe0
- Value
- 6.40 and 7.49 g kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the PiP ranged between 6.40 and 7.49 g kg−1”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitscherlich models gave critical P values 20% higher than linear–linear models.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- critical values of Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- linear–linear modelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The critical values of P calculated from the Mitscherlich exponential models were 20% higher than those calculated from the linear–linear models”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization at or above 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 increased potential runoff and leaching.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P fertilization ≥90 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- P runoff and leachinge0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding levels of P fertilization ≥90 kg P2O5 ha−1 leads to higher potentials of P runoff and leaching”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
High P fertilization sharply decreased P use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- high P fertilization levelse0
- Outcome
- PUEe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PUE decreased sharply under high P fertilization levels”
e1“maximum wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield response to P fertilization was predictable below Olsen P of 21 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- response of wheat yield to P fertilizatione0
- Value
- 21 mg kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- sandy calcareous soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of wheat yield to P fertilization in sandy calcareous soil is predictable below Olsen P values of 21 mg kg−1”
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