Abstract
Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growth and development and its involved mechanism are unclear. In this study, we discovered that difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively, under different regimes of treatment concentrations and periods. Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area. Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O2•− and H2O2) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis. Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings. SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves. Based on our study, plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves. In summary, difenoconazole exposure caused oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions, and then inhibited wheat plant growth and development.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole reduced wheat root dry weight by 20–70%.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 20–70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole reduced wheat total root length by 43–73%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 43–73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole reduced wheat root surface area by 26–66%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- surface areae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 26–66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole reduced wheat shoot dry weight by 33–61%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 33–61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole reduced wheat leaf area by 50–65%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 50–65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole induced ROS and MDA production in wheat leaf cells.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf cellse0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- ROS (O2•− and H2O2) and MDAe0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O2•− and H2O2) and MDA”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole associated oxidative products with reduced wheat chlorophyll content and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- ROS (O2•− and H2O2) and MDAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O2•− and H2O2) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole induced SOD, CAT, G-POD and APX activities in wheat roots and leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazole exposuree0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in wheat roots than leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- SOD and APX activitiese0
- Direction
- higher and more stablee0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat roots had more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than leaves.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- superoxide radical scavenging abilitye0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- plant leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
difenoconazole · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.