Abstract
"Moroccan") was investigated. After 2 weeks of low concentration treatments (5, 25, and 50 mM NaCl) of freshly cut shoots, we observed that the stem-derived adventitious root formation, which is a major mean for vegetative reproduction among mints, was completely inhibited at 50 mM NaCl concentration. One-week-long, high concentration (150 mM NaCl) salt stress, and isosmotic polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 treatments were compared in intact (rooted) plants and freshly cut, i.e., rootless shoots. Our data showed that roots have an important role in mitigating the deleterious effects of both the osmotic (PEG treatment) and specific ionic components of high salinity stress. At 50 mM NaCl or above, the ionic component of salt stress caused strong and irreversible physiological alterations. The effects include a decrease in relative water content, the maximal and actual quantum efficiency of photosystem II, relative chlorophyll content, as well as disorganization of the native chlorophyll-protein complexes as revealed by 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, important ultrastructural damage was observed by transmission electron microscopy such as the swelling of the thylakoid lumen at 50 mM NaCl treatment. Interestingly, in almost fully dry leaf regions and leaves, granum structure was relatively well retained, however, their disorganization occurred in leaf chloroplasts of rooted spearmint treated with 150 mM NaCl. This loss of granum regularity was also confirmed in the leaves of these plants using small-angle neutron scattering measurements of intact leaves of 150 mM NaCl-stressed rooted plants. At the same time, solid-phase microextraction of spearmint leaves followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses revealed that the essential oil composition of spearmint was unaffected by the treatments applied in this work. Taken together, the used spearmint cultivar tolerates low salinity levels. However, at 50 mM NaCl concentration and above, the ionic components of the stress strongly inhibit adventitious root formation and thus their clonal propagation, and severely damage the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM NaCl, adventitious root formation was completely inhibited in cut spearmint shoots.
- Taxon
- Spearmint
Mentha spicatat0 - Treatment
- 50 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- stem-derived adventitious root formatione0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem-derived adventitious root formation, which is a major mean for vegetative reproduction among mints, was completely inhibited at 50 mM NaCl concentration”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots mitigated deleterious effects of osmotic and ionic stress.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- mitigating the deleterious effectse0
- Qualifier
- osmotic (PEG treatment) and specific ionic components of high salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roots have an important role in mitigating the deleterious effects of both the osmotic (PEG treatment) and specific ionic components of high salinity stress”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM NaCl or above, ionic salt stress caused strong irreversible physiological alterations.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Treatment
- 50 mM NaCl or abovee0
- Outcome
- strong and irreversible physiological alterationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 50 mM NaCl or above, the ionic component of salt stress caused strong and irreversible physiological alterations”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased relative water content, PSII efficiency and relative chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Treatment
- 50 mM NaCl or abovee1
- Outcome
- relative water content, the maximal and actual quantum efficiency of photosystem II, relative chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in relative water content, the maximal and actual quantum efficiency of photosystem II, relative chlorophyll content”
e1“At 50 mM NaCl or above, the ionic component of salt stress”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress disorganized native chlorophyll-protein complexes.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Treatment
- 50 mM NaCl or abovee1
- Outcome
- native chlorophyll-protein complexese0
- Direction
- disorganizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disorganization of the native chlorophyll-protein complexes”
e1“At 50 mM NaCl or above, the ionic component of salt stress”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM NaCl, thylakoid lumens swelled.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Treatment
- 50 mM NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- thylakoid lumene0
- Direction
- swellinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“swelling of the thylakoid lumen at 50 mM NaCl treatment”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
Granum structure was relatively retained in nearly dry leaves.
- Taxon
- SpearmintMentha spicatat0
- Organ / stage
- almost fully dry leaf regions and leavese0
- Outcome
- granum structure was relatively well retainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in almost fully dry leaf regions and leaves, granum structure was relatively well retained”
t0“Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. var. crispa “Moroccan”)”
Claim · model-written summary
In rooted spearmint, 150 mM NaCl disorganized chloroplast grana.
- Taxon
- spearmintMentha spicatae0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- granum regularitye1
- Direction
- losse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their disorganization occurred in leaf chloroplasts of rooted spearmint treated with 150 mM NaCl”
e1“loss of granum regularity”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied treatments did not affect spearmint essential oil composition.
- Taxon
- spearmintMentha spicatae0
- Treatment
- treatments applied in this worke0
- Outcome
- essential oil compositione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the essential oil composition of spearmint was unaffected by the treatments applied in this work”
e1“150 mM NaCl) salt stress, and isosmotic polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 treatments”