Abstract
Drought is a significant abiotic stress that alters plant physiology and ultimately affects crop productivity. Among essential plant nutrients, potassium (K) is known to mitigate the deleterious effect of drought on plant growth. If so, K addition or inoculation of potassium solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) that are tolerant to drought should promote plant growth during water stress. Therefore, in this study, K solubilizing Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Bacillus licheniformis, isolated from saxicolous environments, were tested for their capacity to tolerate drought using different molecular weights (~4000, 6000, and 8000 Da), and concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/L) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) under in vitro conditions. The results showed that high concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) of PEG with different molecular weight considerably improved bacterial cell numbers/fungal biomass and catalase (CAT) and proline activities. Moreover, the ability of KSMs alone or in combination to impart drought tolerance and promote plant growth in the presence and absence of mica (9.3% K2O) supplementation was tested in Alfisol and Vertisol soil types under greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought. Generally, tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica were taller (2.62 and 3.38-fold) and had more leaf area (2.03 and 1.98-fold), total root length (3.26 and 8.86-fold), shoot biomass (3.87 and 3.93-fold), root biomass (9.00 and 7.24-fold), shoot K content (3.08 and 3.62-fold), root K content (3.39 and 2.03-fold), relative water content (1.51 and 1.27-fold), CAT activity (2.11 and 2.14-fold), proline content (3.41 and 3.28-fold), and total chlorophyll content (1.81 and 1.90-fold), in unsterilized Alfisol and Vertisol soil types, respectively, than uninoculated ones. Dual inoculation of the KSMs along with mica amendment, also improved the endorrhizal symbiosis of tomato plants more than their individual inoculation or application in both soil types. These findings imply that the A. violaceofuscus and B. licheniformis isolates are promising as novel bioinoculants for improving crop growth in water-stressed and rainfed areas of the tropics in the future.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
High PEG concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) considerably improved bacterial cell numbers or fungal biomass and CAT and proline activities of the inoculants in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- high concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) of PEGe1
- Outcome
- bacterial cell numbers/fungal biomass and catalase (CAT) and proline activitiese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought”
e1“high concentrations (750 and 1000 mg/L) of PEG with different molecular weight considerably improved bacterial cell numbers/fungal biomass and catalase (CAT) and proline activities”
e2“under in vitro conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with or without mica improved physiological and morphological traits under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- physiological and morphological traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants with KSMs and mica were taller (2.62 and 3.38-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- tallere3
- Direction
- tallere3
- Value
- 2.62 and 3.38-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“were taller (2.62 and 3.38-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had more leaf area (2.03 and 1.98-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf areae3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 2.03 and 1.98-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“had more leaf area (2.03 and 1.98-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher total root length (3.26 and 8.86-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root lengthe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.26 and 8.86-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“total root length (3.26 and 8.86-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher shoot biomass (3.87 and 3.93-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.87 and 3.93-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“shoot biomass (3.87 and 3.93-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher root biomass (9.00 and 7.24-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- root biomasse3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 9.00 and 7.24-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“root biomass (9.00 and 7.24-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher shoot K content (3.08 and 3.62-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot K contente3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.08 and 3.62-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“shoot K content (3.08 and 3.62-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher root K content (3.39 and 2.03-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- root K contente3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.39 and 2.03-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“root K content (3.39 and 2.03-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher relative water content (1.51 and 1.27-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 1.51 and 1.27-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“relative water content (1.51 and 1.27-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher CAT activity (2.11 and 2.14-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- CAT activitye3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 2.11 and 2.14-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“CAT activity (2.11 and 2.14-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher proline content (3.41 and 3.28-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline contente3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 3.41 and 3.28-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“proline content (3.41 and 3.28-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated tomato plants had higher total chlorophyll content (1.81 and 1.90-fold) than uninoculated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with micae0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 1.81 and 1.90-folde3
- Comparator
- uninoculated onese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants co-inoculated with KSMs and supplemented with mica”
e1“than uninoculated ones”
e2“under greenhouse conditions”
e3“total chlorophyll content (1.81 and 1.90-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation of KSMs with mica improved endorrhizal symbiosis of tomato more than individual inoculation or application in both soil types.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Dual inoculation of the KSMs along with mica amendmente0
- Interactor
- KSMse0symbiont
- Outcome
- endorrhizal symbiosise0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- their individual inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dual inoculation of the KSMs along with mica amendment, also improved the endorrhizal symbiosis of tomato plants more than their individual inoculation or application in both soil types”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider the A. violaceofuscus and B. licheniformis isolates promising bioinoculants for improving crop growth in water-stressed and rainfed tropical areas.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- A. violaceofuscus
Aspergillus violaceofuscuse1symbiont - Second interactor
- B. licheniformis
Bacillus licheniformise1symbiont - Outcome
- improving crop growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tomato plants inoculated with KSMs individually or dually with/without mica improved the physiological and morphological traits of the tomato plants under drought”
e1“These findings imply that the A. violaceofuscus and B. licheniformis isolates are promising as novel bioinoculants for improving crop growth in water-stressed and rainfed areas of the tropics in the future”
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See all 41 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.