Abstract
In the present study and under greenhouse conditions, tomato plants cv. Albium, grown in potted soil inoculated with the early blight fungus A. solani, were treated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and potassium silicate (PS) abiotic inducers, singly, and in combination with the biotic inducer Trichoderma harzianum. The different tested inducers significantly decreased the intensity (severity) of early blight disease on tomato, as well as some growth characteristics, photosynthetic capacity, defense-related enzymes and expression analysis of the PR1, PR3 and PR5 genes using Real Time-q PCR. PS+ Trichoderma showedthe lowest diseaseintensity, followed by ABA+ Trichoderma, and Trichoderma treatment had the highest disease intensity when compared to untreated inoculated control. PS + Trichoderma, ABA+ Trichoderma, and SA+ Trichoderma were also the most effective for the best growth characteristics (fresh shoot, dry shoot, fresh root, dry root weight, and total fruits weight/plant). Photosynthetic pigment content was significantly increased with all treatments by chemical inducer and T. harzianum compared with A. solani treatment. PS + Trichoderma was the most effective and significantly enhanced chlorophyll "A" and chlorophyll "B"content comparing with the A. solani treatment, while, the highest level of carotene content was observed with alt+ABA+ Trichoderma treatment at 2days post inoculation. Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) enzymes activity and PR1, PR2 and PR5 gene expressions were significantly increased in all treatments with chemical inducer comparing with the treatment by A.solani, In addition to the treatment by chemical inducer combined with Trichoderma were the most effective compared with chemical inducer alone. The maximum POD, PAL activities and PR1gene expression were observed with alt+PS + Trichoderma followed by alt+ABA+ Trichoderma while, PR2, PR5 gene expressions and POD activity reached the highest level with alt+PS+ Trichoderma followed by alt+SA+ Trichoderma and alt+ABA+ Trichoderma. Trichoderma was of the highest rate of the number of cfu in treatment with alt+PS+ Trichoderma with cfu was 5.9 x10, while the number of cfu in treatment with alt+ABA + Trichoderma was 3.77 x107 and the treatment with alt+SA + Trichoderma was 3.68 x107.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Tested inducers significantly reduced early blight severity in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- different tested inducerse0
- Outcome
- intensity (severity) of early blight diseasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The different tested inducers significantly decreased the intensity (severity) of early blight disease on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PS+ Trichoderma ranked lowest for disease intensity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PS+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- diseaseintensitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- untreated inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS+ Trichoderma showedthe lowest diseaseintensity, followed by ABA+ Trichoderma, and Trichoderma treatment had the highest disease intensity when compared to untreated inoculated control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA+ Trichoderma ranked followed by for disease intensity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ABA+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- untreated inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS+ Trichoderma showedthe lowest diseaseintensity, followed by ABA+ Trichoderma, and Trichoderma treatment had the highest disease intensity when compared to untreated inoculated control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma treatment ranked highest for disease intensity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma treatmente0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- untreated inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS+ Trichoderma showedthe lowest diseaseintensity, followed by ABA+ Trichoderma, and Trichoderma treatment had the highest disease intensity when compared to untreated inoculated control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PS + Trichoderma was among the most effective treatments for growth and fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PS + Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS + Trichoderma, ABA+ Trichoderma, and SA+ Trichoderma were also the most effective for the best growth characteristics (fresh shoot, dry shoot, fresh root, dry root weight, and total fruits weight/plant)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA+ Trichoderma was among the most effective treatments for growth and fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ABA+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS + Trichoderma, ABA+ Trichoderma, and SA+ Trichoderma were also the most effective for the best growth characteristics (fresh shoot, dry shoot, fresh root, dry root weight, and total fruits weight/plant)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+ Trichoderma was among the most effective treatments for growth and fruit weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS + Trichoderma, ABA+ Trichoderma, and SA+ Trichoderma were also the most effective for the best growth characteristics (fresh shoot, dry shoot, fresh root, dry root weight, and total fruits weight/plant)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical inducer and T. harzianum treatments increased photosynthetic pigments relative to A. solani treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatments by chemical inducer and T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- A. solani treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic pigment content was significantly increased with all treatments by chemical inducer and T. harzianum compared with A. solani treatment”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PS plus Trichoderma significantly enhanced chlorophyll A and B content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PS + Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chlorophyll "A" and chlorophyll "B"contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- A. solani treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS + Trichoderma was the most effective and significantly enhanced chlorophyll "A" and chlorophyll "B"content comparing with the A. solani treatment”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA plus Trichoderma gave the highest carotene content two days after inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+ABA+ Trichoderma treatmente0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- carotene contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 2days post inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest level of carotene content was observed with alt+ABA+ Trichoderma treatment at 2days post inoculation”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical inducers significantly increased Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) enzymes activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatments with chemical inducere0
- Interactor
- A.solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) enzymes activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment by A.solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) enzymes activity and PR1, PR2 and PR5 gene expressions were significantly increased in all treatments with chemical inducer comparing with the treatment by A.solani”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical inducers significantly increased PR1, PR2 and PR5 gene expressions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatments with chemical inducere0
- Interactor
- A.solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- PR1, PR2 and PR5 gene expressionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment by A.solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) enzymes activity and PR1, PR2 and PR5 gene expressions were significantly increased in all treatments with chemical inducer comparing with the treatment by A.solani”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical inducers combined with Trichoderma were more effective than chemical inducer alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chemical inducer combined with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- chemical inducer alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment by chemical inducer combined with Trichoderma were the most effective compared with chemical inducer alone”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PS plus Trichoderma gave maximum POD and PAL activities and PR1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+PS + Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- POD, PAL activities and PR1gene expressione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- alt+ABA+ Trichodermae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum POD, PAL activities and PR1gene expression were observed with alt+PS + Trichoderma followed by alt+ABA+ Trichoderma”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
PS plus Trichoderma gave the highest PR2 and PR5 expression and POD activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+PS+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- PR2, PR5 gene expressions and POD activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- alt+SA+ Trichoderma and alt+ABA+ Trichodermae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PR2, PR5 gene expressions and POD activity reached the highest level with alt+PS+ Trichoderma followed by alt+SA+ Trichoderma and alt+ABA+ Trichoderma”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
alt+PS+ Trichoderma yielded Trichoderma cfu of 5.9 x10.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+PS+ Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of cfue0
- Value
- 5.9 x10e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma was of the highest rate of the number of cfu in treatment with alt+PS+ Trichoderma with cfu was 5.9 x10, while the number of cfu in treatment with alt+ABA + Trichoderma was 3.77 x107 and the treatment with alt+SA + Trichoderma was 3.68 x107”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
alt+ABA + Trichoderma yielded Trichoderma cfu of 3.77 x107.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+ABA + Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of cfue0
- Value
- 3.77 x107e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma was of the highest rate of the number of cfu in treatment with alt+PS+ Trichoderma with cfu was 5.9 x10, while the number of cfu in treatment with alt+ABA + Trichoderma was 3.77 x107 and the treatment with alt+SA + Trichoderma was 3.68 x107”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
alt+SA + Trichoderma yielded Trichoderma cfu of 3.68 x107.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alt+SA + Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of cfue0
- Value
- 3.68 x107e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma was of the highest rate of the number of cfu in treatment with alt+PS+ Trichoderma with cfu was 5.9 x10, while the number of cfu in treatment with alt+ABA + Trichoderma was 3.77 x107 and the treatment with alt+SA + Trichoderma was 3.68 x107”
t0“tomato”
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8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.