Abstract
Abstract Bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. For eco-friendly management of bacterial wilt of tomato, the rhizospheric microorganisms belonging to the genera Bacillus (6 isolates), Brevibacillus (1 isolate), Pseudomonas (3 isolates), and Trichoderma (8 isolates) were studied for their ability to induce innate immunity in tomato, individually and in combination against R. solanacearum in greenhouse and field studies. In laboratory studies, maximum germination percent of 93%, vigor index of 1609 was noted in seed bacterization with P. fluorescens Pf3, followed by 91% germination, vigor index of 1593 in treatment with T. asperellum T8 over control. Under greenhouse conditions, protection against bacterial wilt in individual treatments with PGPRs ranged from 38 to 43% and Trichoderma sp. ranged from 39 to 43% in comparison to control. In comparison to individual seed treatment, among different combinations, maximum seed germination percent of 97% was recorded with combination P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11. In greenhouse studies’ combination seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11 offered an impressive 62% protection against bacterial wilt over control. Similarly, under field conditions, seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11 resulted in 61% protection. The innate immunity triggered by eco-friendly seed treatment was analyzed by expression to defense-related enzymes such as peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, and polyphenol oxidase in comparison to control. This study indicated that the potential benefits of using combination treatments of beneficial microorganisms in effectively inducing resistance are possible for dual benefits of enhanced plant growth, tomato yield, and pathogen suppression.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens Pf3 seed bacterization produced 93% germination.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- seed bacterization with P. fluorescens Pf3e0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens Pf3
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont - Outcome
- germination percente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“maximum germination percent of 93%, vigor index of 1609 was noted in seed bacterization with P. fluorescens Pf3”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens Pf3 seed bacterization produced a vigor index of 1609.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- seed bacterization with P. fluorescens Pf3e0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens Pf3Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Outcome
- vigor indexe0
- Value
- 1609e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum germination percent of 93%, vigor index of 1609 was noted in seed bacterization with P. fluorescens Pf3”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum T8 treatment produced 91% germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with T. asperellum T8e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum T8
Trichoderma asperellume0symbiont - Outcome
- germinatione0
- Value
- 91%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 91% germination, vigor index of 1593 in treatment with T. asperellum T8 over control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum T8 treatment produced a vigor index of 1593.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with T. asperellum T8e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum T8Trichoderma asperellume0symbiont
- Outcome
- vigor indexe0
- Value
- 1593e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 91% germination, vigor index of 1593 in treatment with T. asperellum T8 over control”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual PGPR treatments gave 38 to 43% protection against bacterial wilt in greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- individual treatments with PGPRse0
- Interactor
- bacterial wilte0pathogen
- Outcome
- protection against bacterial wilte0
- Value
- 38 to 43%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, protection against bacterial wilt in individual treatments with PGPRs ranged from 38 to 43% and Trichoderma sp. ranged from 39 to 43% in comparison to control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual Trichoderma treatments gave 39 to 43% protection against bacterial wilt in greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma sp.e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma sp.
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- protection against bacterial wilte0
- Value
- 39 to 43%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, protection against bacterial wilt in individual treatments with PGPRs ranged from 38 to 43% and Trichoderma sp. ranged from 39 to 43% in comparison to control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P. fluorescens Pf3 and T. longibrachiatum UNS11 produced maximum seed germination of 97%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11e0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens Pf3Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. longibrachiatum UNS11Trichoderma longibrachiatume0symbiont
- Outcome
- seed germination percente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- individual seed treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison to individual seed treatment, among different combinations, maximum seed germination percent of 97% was recorded with combination P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined seed treatment gave 62% protection against bacterial wilt in greenhouse studies.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11e0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens Pf3Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. longibrachiatum UNS11Trichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- protection against bacterial wilte0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse studiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse studies’ combination seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11 offered an impressive 62% protection against bacterial wilt over control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined seed treatment gave 61% protection against bacterial wilt in field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11e0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens Pf3Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. longibrachiatum UNS11Trichoderma longibrachiatume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Value
- 61%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under field conditions, seed treatment with P. fluorescens Pf3 + T. longibrachiatum UNS11 resulted in 61% protection”
t0“tomato”
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See all 40 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.