Abstract
To ensure sustainable agricultural production and protection of crops from various biotic and abiotic stresses, while keeping in view environmental protection, by minimal usage of chemicals, the exploitation of beneficial microorganisms and modern nanotechnologies in the field of agriculture is of paramount importance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Serendipita indica and guanidine-modified nanomaterial on the growth, and other selected parameters, of cabbage, as well as incidence of black spot disease. S. indica was applied in substrate and by seed inoculation. S. indica had a positive impact on the development of plants, and resulted in reduced black spot severity. The maximum plant height (119 mm) and number of leaves (8.3) were observed in S. indica-treated plants. Pigments were enhanced, i.e., chlorophyll a (0.79 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.22 mg/g), and carotenoid content (0.79 mg/g), by substrate treatment. The highest antioxidant capacity (9.5 mM/L), chlorophyll a and b (1.8 and 0.6 mg/g), and carotenoid content (1.8 mg/L) were reported in S. indica seed treatment. S. indica treatment resulted in 59% and 41% disease incidence decrease in substrate and seed treatment, respectively. Guanidine-modified nanomaterial was seen to be effective in improving plant growth and reducing disease incidence; however, it did not perform better than S. indica. Application of nanoparticles resulted in enhanced normalized difference vegetation index and fluorescence by increasing chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content. Nitrogen content was the highest in plants treated with nanoparticles. However, the effect of the combined application of fungus and nanoparticles was similar to that of S. indica alone in substrate treatment, although negative impacts were reported in the biochemical parameters of cabbage. S. indica has great potential to enhance plant growth and manage Alternaria incidence in cabbage crops.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica reduced black spot severity in cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatat0 - Treatment
- S. indicae1
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariae2pathogen - Second interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- black spot severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“S. indica had a positive impact on the development of plants, and resulted in reduced black spot severity”
e2“manage Alternaria incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica had a positive impact on the development of cabbage plants.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- S. indicae1
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1symbiont
- Outcome
- development of plantse1
- Direction
- positive impacte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“S. indica had a positive impact on the development of plants, and resulted in reduced black spot severity”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum plant height of cabbage was observed in S. indica-treated plants (119 mm).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- S. indicae2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 119 mme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“The maximum plant height (119 mm)”
e2“observed in S. indica-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum number of leaves of cabbage was observed in S. indica-treated plants (8.3).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- S. indicae2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 8.3e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“The maximum plant height (119 mm) and number of leaves (8.3)”
e2“observed in S. indica-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatment with S. indica enhanced chlorophyll a content in cabbage (0.79 mg/g).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- substrate treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae3symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 0.79 mg/ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Pigments were enhanced, i.e., chlorophyll a (0.79 mg/g)”
e2“by substrate treatment”
e3“S. indica was applied in substrate and by seed inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatment with S. indica enhanced chlorophyll b content in cabbage (0.22 mg/g).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- substrate treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae3symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 0.22 mg/ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Pigments were enhanced, i.e., chlorophyll a (0.79 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.22 mg/g)”
e2“by substrate treatment”
e3“S. indica was applied in substrate and by seed inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatment with S. indica enhanced carotenoid content in cabbage (0.79 mg/g).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- substrate treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae3symbiont
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 0.79 mg/ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Pigments were enhanced, i.e., chlorophyll a (0.79 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.22 mg/g), and carotenoid content (0.79 mg/g)”
e2“by substrate treatment”
e3“S. indica was applied in substrate and by seed inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with S. indica gave the highest antioxidant capacity in cabbage (9.5 mM/L).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 9.5 mM/Le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“The highest antioxidant capacity (9.5 mM/L)”
e2“were reported in S. indica seed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with S. indica gave higher chlorophyll a content in cabbage (1.8).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 1.8e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“chlorophyll a and b (1.8 and 0.6 mg/g)”
e2“were reported in S. indica seed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with S. indica gave higher chlorophyll b content in cabbage (0.6 mg/g).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and be1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 0.6 mg/ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“chlorophyll a and b (1.8 and 0.6 mg/g)”
e2“were reported in S. indica seed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with S. indica gave higher carotenoid content in cabbage (1.8 mg/L).
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente2
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 1.8 mg/Le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“carotenoid content (1.8 mg/L)”
e2“were reported in S. indica seed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
S. indica treatment in substrate reduced Alternaria disease incidence in cabbage by 59%.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- S. indica treatmente1
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae2pathogen
- Second interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 59%e1
- Qualifier
- in substratee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“S. indica treatment resulted in 59% and 41% disease incidence decrease in substrate and seed treatment, respectively”
e2“manage Alternaria incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with S. indica reduced Alternaria disease incidence in cabbage by 41%.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente1
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae2pathogen
- Second interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 41%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“S. indica treatment resulted in 59% and 41% disease incidence decrease in substrate and seed treatment, respectively”
e2“manage Alternaria incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
The guanidine-modified nanomaterial improved plant growth of cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Guanidine-modified nanomateriale1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- improvinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Guanidine-modified nanomaterial was seen to be effective in improving plant growth and reducing disease incidence; however, it did not perform better than S. indica”
Claim · model-written summary
The guanidine-modified nanomaterial reduced Alternaria disease incidence in cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Guanidine-modified nanomateriale1
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariae2pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Guanidine-modified nanomaterial was seen to be effective in improving plant growth and reducing disease incidence; however, it did not perform better than S. indica”
e2“manage Alternaria incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
The guanidine-modified nanomaterial did not perform better than S. indica in cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Guanidine-modified nanomateriale1
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- perform bettere1
- Direction
- did not perform bettere1
- Comparator
- S. indicae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Guanidine-modified nanomaterial was seen to be effective in improving plant growth and reducing disease incidence; however, it did not perform better than S. indica”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles enhanced the normalized difference vegetation index and fluorescence of cabbage by increasing chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese1
- Outcome
- normalized difference vegetation index and fluorescencee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- by increasing chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Application of nanoparticles resulted in enhanced normalized difference vegetation index and fluorescence by increasing chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle-treated cabbage plants had the highest nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- nanoparticlese1
- Outcome
- Nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“Nitrogen content was the highest in plants treated with nanoparticles”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application of fungus and nanoparticles had an effect similar to S. indica alone in substrate treatment.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- combined application of fungus and nanoparticlese1
- Interactor
- funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- S. indica alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“However, the effect of the combined application of fungus and nanoparticles was similar to that of S. indica alone in substrate treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application of fungus and nanoparticles had negative impacts on the biochemical parameters of cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- combined application of fungus and nanoparticlese2
- Interactor
- funguse2symbiont
- Outcome
- biochemical parameterse1
- Direction
- negative impactse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cabbage Seedlings”
e1“although negative impacts were reported in the biochemical parameters of cabbage”
e2“the combined application of fungus and nanoparticles”
The same questions in other papers
growing medium · Serendipita indica · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
seed treatment · Alternaria · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
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- positive
nanoparticle · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
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16 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.