Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world, with development of the grains directly determining yield and quality. Understanding grain development and the underlying regulatory mechanisms is therefore essential in improving the yield and quality of wheat. In this study, the developmental characteristics of the pericarp was examined in developing wheat grains of the new variety Jimai 70. As a result, pericarp thickness was found to be thinnest in grains at the top of the spike, followed by those in the middle and thickest at the bottom. Moreover, this difference corresponded to the number of cell layers in the pericarp, which decreased as a result of programmed cell death (PCD). A number of autophagy-related genes ( ATGs ) are involved in the process of PCD in the pericarp, and in this study, an increase in ATG8-PE expression was observed followed by the appearance of autophagy structures. Meanwhile, following interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8 , PCD was inhibited and the thickness of the pericarp increased, resulting in small premature grains. These findings suggest that autophagy and PCD coexist in the pericarp during early development of wheat grains, with both processes increasing from the bottom to the top of the spike. Moreover, PCD was also found to rely on ATG8 -mediated autophagy. The results of this study therefore provide a theoretical basis for in-depth studies of the regulatory mechanisms of wheat grain development.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp was thinnest at the spike top, intermediate in the middle and thickest at the bottom.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- pericarp thicknesse0
- Direction
- thinneste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pericarp thickness was found to be thinnest in grains at the top of the spike, followed by those in the middle and thickest at the bottom”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp cell-layer number corresponded to thickness differences and decreased through programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- number of cell layers in the pericarpe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- programmed cell death (PCD)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this difference corresponded to the number of cell layers in the pericarp, which decreased as a result of programmed cell death (PCD)”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG8-PE expression increased before autophagy structures appeared.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ATG8-PEe0
- Outcome
- ATG8-PE expressione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in ATG8-PE expression was observed followed by the appearance of autophagy structures”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Autophagy structures appeared following increased ATG8-PE expression.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ATG8-PEe0
- Outcome
- appearance of autophagy structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in ATG8-PE expression was observed followed by the appearance of autophagy structures”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Interference with ATG8 inhibited pericarp programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8e0
- Gene
- ATG8e0
- Outcome
- PCDe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“following interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8 , PCD was inhibited and the thickness of the pericarp increased, resulting in small premature grains”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Interference with ATG8 increased pericarp thickness.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8e0
- Gene
- ATG8e0
- Outcome
- thickness of the pericarpe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“following interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8 , PCD was inhibited and the thickness of the pericarp increased, resulting in small premature grains”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
ATG8 interference resulted in small premature grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8e0
- Gene
- ATG8e0
- Outcome
- small premature grainse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“following interference of the key autophagy gene ATG8 , PCD was inhibited and the thickness of the pericarp increased, resulting in small premature grains”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Autophagy and programmed cell death coexist during early wheat pericarp development.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- autophagy and PCD coexiste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“autophagy and PCD coexist in the pericarp during early development of wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Autophagy and PCD increased from spike bottom to top.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- both processese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both processes increasing from the bottom to the top of the spike”
t0“Wheat Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp PCD depends on ATG8-mediated autophagy.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ATG8e0
- Outcome
- PCDe0
- Qualifier
- autophagye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCD was also found to rely on ATG8 -mediated autophagy”
t0“Wheat Grains”