Abstract
Continued exhaustive use of chemical fertilizers and environmental changes led to a decline in soil fertility and production efficiency, which eventually results in land degradation. The application of beneficial microorganisms and organic fertilizer may be an effective measure for sustainable agriculture production. Thus, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of mineral and organic fertilizers (vermicompost/farm yard manure) supplemented with microbial inoculants on growth and soil health parameters of apple (Malus domestica cv. Oregon Spur) under medium density (4 m × 4 m) plantation. Nine integrated treatments of different combination of organic, inorganic and microbial inoculants were studied with four replications. Results revealed that plants received 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirillium had maximum increase in trunk cross section area (TCSA) and canopy volume (14.3 and 19.3%, respectively), average fruit yield (17.1 t ha−1) and production efficiency (0.92 g cm−2 TCSA) of apple during experiment period (2012–2015). Continuous 3 years of organic fertilization and microbial inoculants enhanced nutrient status of soil. Microbial biomass carbon, N and dehydrogenase activity of soil increased by 37%, 48% and 76%, respectively, in 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VC over control. Deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) index revealed 50% substitution of inorganic to organic fertilization (FYM and VC) is appropriate to correct deficiency of primary and secondary nutrients in leaves. Canonical correlation analysis revealed yield of apple was negatively correlated with DOP indices. In conclusion, 50% of inorganic fertilizers substituted through VC and FYM, and 25% inorganic fertilizers substituted through inoculation of Azospirillium, resulted higher fruit yield of apple in north west Himalayan region.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% recommended NPK plus Azospirillium treatment maximized trunk cross section area increase at 14.3%.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirilliume0
- Interactor
- Azospirilliume0symbiont
- Outcome
- trunk cross section area (TCSA)e0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 14.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants received 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirillium had maximum increase in trunk cross section area (TCSA) and canopy volume (14.3 and 19.3%, respectively)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
That treatment maximized canopy volume increase at 19.3%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirilliume0
- Interactor
- Azospirilliume0symbiont
- Outcome
- canopy volumee0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 19.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants received 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirillium had maximum increase in trunk cross section area (TCSA) and canopy volume (14.3 and 19.3%, respectively)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
That treatment produced average apple fruit yield of 17.1 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirilliume0
- Outcome
- average fruit yielde0
- Value
- 17.1 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants received 75% of recommended (RD) NPK + Azospirillium had maximum increase in trunk cross section area (TCSA) and canopy volume (14.3 and 19.3%, respectively), average fruit yield (17.1 t ha−1) and production efficiency (0.92 g cm−2 TCSA) of apple during experiment period (2012–2015)”
Claim · model-written summary
That treatment produced apple production efficiency of 0.92 g cm−2 TCSA.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- production efficiencye0
- Value
- 0.92 g cm−2 TCSAe0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production efficiency (0.92 g cm−2 TCSA) of apple during experiment period (2012–2015)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Three years of organic fertilization and microbial inoculants improved soil nutrient status.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic fertilization and microbial inoculantse0
- Outcome
- nutrient status of soile0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuous 3 years of organic fertilization and microbial inoculants enhanced nutrient status of soil”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixed fertilizer treatment increased soil microbial biomass carbon by 37% over control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VCe0
- Outcome
- Microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial biomass carbon, N and dehydrogenase activity of soil increased by 37%, 48% and 76%, respectively, in 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VC over control”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixed fertilizer treatment increased soil N by 48% over control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VCe0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial biomass carbon, N and dehydrogenase activity of soil increased by 37%, 48% and 76%, respectively, in 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VC over control”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixed fertilizer treatment increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 76% over control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VCe0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activity of soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 76%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial biomass carbon, N and dehydrogenase activity of soil increased by 37%, 48% and 76%, respectively, in 50% of RD NPK + 25% N through FYM + 25% N through VC over control”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The DOP index suggested 50% organic substitution corrects primary and secondary leaf nutrient deficiencies.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 50% substitution of inorganic to organic fertilization (FYM and VC)e0
- Outcome
- correct deficiency of primary and secondary nutrients in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% substitution of inorganic to organic fertilization (FYM and VC) is appropriate to correct deficiency of primary and secondary nutrients in leaves”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple yield was negatively correlated with DOP indices.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- yield of applee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- DOP indicese0
- Comparator
- DOP indicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of apple was negatively correlated with DOP indices”
Claim · model-written summary
Substituting inorganic fertilizer with VC, FYM and Azospirillium resulted in higher apple fruit yield in the north west Himalayan region.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 50% of inorganic fertilizers substituted through VC and FYM, and 25% inorganic fertilizers substituted through inoculation of Azospirilliume0
- Interactor
- Azospirilliume0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit yield of applee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- north west Himalayan regione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“50% of inorganic fertilizers substituted through VC and FYM, and 25% inorganic fertilizers substituted through inoculation of Azospirillium, resulted higher fruit yield of apple in north west Himalayan region”
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