Abstract
The development of a fully automated robotic weeder is currently hindered by the lack of a reliable technique for weed-crop detection. Autonomous mowers moving with random trajectories rely on simplified computational resources and have shown potential when applied for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of these autonomous mowers for weed control in globe artichoke. A first trial consisting of the comparison of the performances of three different autonomous mowers (AM1, AM2 and AM3) was carried out evaluating percentage of area mowed and primary energy consumption. The most suitable autonomous mower was tested for its weed control effect and compared with a conventional weed management system. Average weeds height, weed cover percentage, above-ground weed biomass, artichoke yield, primary energy consumption and cost were assessed. All the autonomous mowers achieved a percentage of area mowed around the 80% after 180 min. AM2 was chosen as the best compromise for weed control in the artichoke field (83.83% of area mowed after 180 min of mowing, and a consumption of 430.50 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1). The autonomous mower weed management achieved a higher weed control effect (weed biomass of 71.76 vs. 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2), a lower energy consumption (430.5 vs. 1135.13 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1), and a lower cost (EUR 2601.84 vs. EUR 3661.80 ha−1·year−1) compared to the conventional system.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
All autonomous mowers mowed around 80% of the area after 180 minutes.
- Taxon
- globe artichoke
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymust0 - Outcome
- percentage of area mowede0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- after 180 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the autonomous mowers achieved a percentage of area mowed around the 80% after 180 min.”
t0“globe artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
AM2 mowed 83.83% of area after 180 minutes.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- AM2e0
- Outcome
- area mowede0
- Value
- 83.83%e0
- Qualifier
- after 180 min of mowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM2 was chosen as the best compromise for weed control in the artichoke field (83.83% of area mowed after 180 min of mowing, and a consumption of 430.50 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
AM2 consumed 430.50 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- AM2e0
- Outcome
- consumptione0
- Value
- 430.50 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM2 was chosen as the best compromise for weed control in the artichoke field (83.83% of area mowed after 180 min of mowing, and a consumption of 430.50 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Autonomous mowing reduced weed biomass relative to conventional management, 71.76 versus 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2.
- Taxon
- globe artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- autonomous mower weed managemente0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed biomasse0
- Direction
- higher weed control effecte0
- Value
- 71.76e0
- Qualifier
- 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2e0
- Comparator
- conventional systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The autonomous mower weed management achieved a higher weed control effect (weed biomass of 71.76 vs. 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2), a lower energy consumption (430.5 vs. 1135.13 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1), and a lower cost (EUR 2601.84 vs. EUR 3661.80 ha−1·year−1) compared to the conventional system.”
t0“globe artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Autonomous mowing reduced energy consumption relative to conventional management.
- Taxon
- globe artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- autonomous mower weed managemente0
- Outcome
- energy consumptione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 430.5e0
- Qualifier
- 1135.13 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1e0
- Comparator
- conventional systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The autonomous mower weed management achieved a higher weed control effect (weed biomass of 71.76 vs. 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2), a lower energy consumption (430.5 vs. 1135.13 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1), and a lower cost (EUR 2601.84 vs. EUR 3661.80 ha−1·year−1) compared to the conventional system.”
t0“globe artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Autonomous mowing reduced cost relative to conventional management.
- Taxon
- globe artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- autonomous mower weed managemente0
- Outcome
- coste0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- EUR 2601.84e0
- Qualifier
- EUR 3661.80 ha−1·year−1e0
- Comparator
- conventional systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The autonomous mower weed management achieved a higher weed control effect (weed biomass of 71.76 vs. 143.67 g d.m.⋅m−2), a lower energy consumption (430.5 vs. 1135.13 kWh⋅ha−1⋅year−1), and a lower cost (EUR 2601.84 vs. EUR 3661.80 ha−1·year−1) compared to the conventional system.”
t0“globe artichoke”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · weed · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
herbicide · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.