Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 in two field experiments which were carried-out in the two seasons in sandy loam soil. The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) stumps were used as source for plantation. Ten herbicides were used as pre- emergence treatments which include: butralin, napropamide, propyzamide, prometryn. propachlor, acetochlor, oxadiargyl, metribuzin, diuron, (diuron + butralin). In addition, mulch (PE (60 micron), beside the hand weeding and unweeded (control) was also done. The most effective weed control treatments were propyzamide, diuron, (butralin + diuron), hand weeding three times and mulch. All of these three herbicides not only gave efficient control of all weeds in the two seasons but also gave the highest numbers of germinated artichoke stumps, also gave the highest yield of artichoke heads not only in quantities but also in quality since significant increase of small and medium size diameter of artichoke heads which needed for exportation by hard currency was also obtained. The number of the large size diameter was also increased by these four herbicides and thus income from artichoke heads needs in the local market will also increase. These three herbicides had considerable and useful effect on total soluble sugars content (T.S.S.), polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity, propyzamide gave the highest increase of total soluble sugars content in the two seasons 2007, 2008. With respect to mulch treatment which gave 100% control for all annual and perennial weeds, it caused highly significant reduction of number of germinated stumps. Generally, prometryn and propachlor caused significant decrease of the number of germinated stumps in the two seasons and reduced yield and ascorbic acid content especially in season 2007. Mulch treatment reduced significantly ascorbic acid content in season 2007 and decrease peroxidase activity in season 2008. Oxadiargyl significantly decreased polyphenols content in season 2007 as well as inhibit significantly peroxidase activity in season 2008.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Propyzamide, diuron, butralin plus diuron, hand weeding and mulch were the most effective weed controls.
- Taxon
- artichoke
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymust0 - Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most effective weed control treatments were propyzamide, diuron, (butralin + diuron), hand weeding three times and mulch”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
The three herbicides increased germinated artichoke stumps.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- three herbicidese0
- Outcome
- numbers of germinated artichoke stumpse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All of these three herbicides not only gave efficient control of all weeds in the two seasons but also gave the highest numbers of germinated artichoke stumps”
Claim · model-written summary
The three herbicides gave the highest artichoke head yield.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- three herbicidese0
- Outcome
- yield of artichoke headse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three herbicides not only gave efficient control of all weeds in the two seasons but also gave the highest numbers of germinated artichoke stumps, also gave the highest yield of artichoke heads”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments significantly increased small and medium head diameters.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Outcome
- small and medium size diameter of artichoke headse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase of small and medium size diameter of artichoke heads”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicides increased large head diameter numbers.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- these four herbicidese0
- Outcome
- number of the large size diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of the large size diameter was also increased by these four herbicides”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Propyzamide gave the highest increase in total soluble sugars in both seasons.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- propyzamidee0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars contente0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“propyzamide gave the highest increase of total soluble sugars content in the two seasons 2007, 2008”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch provided 100% control of annual and perennial weeds.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- mulch treatmente0
- Outcome
- control for all annual and perennial weedse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mulch treatment which gave 100% control for all annual and perennial weeds”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch significantly reduced germinated stump numbers.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- number of germinated stumpse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it caused highly significant reduction of number of germinated stumps”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn and propachlor significantly decreased germinated stump numbers.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- prometryn and propachlore0
- Outcome
- number of germinated stumpse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prometryn and propachlor caused significant decrease of the number of germinated stumps in the two seasons”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn and propachlor reduced yield.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- prometryn and propachlore0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prometryn and propachlor caused significant decrease of the number of germinated stumps in the two seasons and reduced yield”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn and propachlor reduced ascorbic acid content, especially in 2007.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- prometryn and propachlore0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially in season 2007e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prometryn and propachlor caused significant decrease of the number of germinated stumps in the two seasons and reduced yield and ascorbic acid content especially in season 2007”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch significantly reduced ascorbic acid content in 2007.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- Mulch treatmente0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- season 2007e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch treatment reduced significantly ascorbic acid content in season 2007”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch decreased peroxidase activity in 2008.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- Mulch treatmente0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- season 2008e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulch treatment reduced significantly ascorbic acid content in season 2007 and decrease peroxidase activity in season 2008”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiargyl significantly decreased polyphenols content in 2007.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- Oxadiargyle0
- Outcome
- polyphenols contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- season 2007e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxadiargyl significantly decreased polyphenols content in season 2007”
t0“artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiargyl significantly inhibited peroxidase activity in 2008.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- Oxadiargyle0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Qualifier
- season 2008e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxadiargyl significantly decreased polyphenols content in season 2007 as well as inhibit significantly peroxidase activity in season 2008”
t0“artichoke”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.