Abstract
Abstract The degradation of agricultural land, both chemical and biological, is a big concern all over the world. Crop cultivation practices that are distinctive to each location have negative consequences for agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better crop and soil management techniques. This experiment was conducted for 5 years (2016–2020) to identify the best crop establishment‐cum‐residue management (CERM) practices and suitable crops for succession after the rice harvest in rice‐fallow ecosystems of India. Experimentation was conducted in the split‐plot design and each treatment was replicated thrice, having CERM in main‐plot and post‐rainy season/winter crops in sub‐plot. All the CERM treatments had two variants, with crop residue (R+) and without crop residue (R−). Rice yields were markedly higher (19.1%–32.2%) in transplanted puddled rice with residue (TPR‐R+) over conventional‐till direct seeded rice (CTDSR) and zero‐till DSR (ZTDSR) treatments. However, TPR adversely impacted the performance of all the post‐rainy pulses/oilseed crops. Post‐rainy season crop yields under ZTDSR/CTDSR were 14.9%–45.8% higher leading to higher system productivity as compared to TPR. ZTDSR with residue retention showed higher soil aggregation. The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%) in the crop root zone with 3.3‐ and 4.47‐times higher earthworm population and earthworm biomass, respectively. The rice‐pulse system showed 1.74‐times more earthworm population over rice‐oilseed sequences. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in ZTDSR was 21.8% higher over TPR in 0–45 cm soil profile. Thus, the adoption of ZTDSR practices and diversification of rice‐fallows with pulses crops is recommended for enhancing the crop productivity, increasing SOC stock, and improving soil biological properties in the rice‐fallow ecosystems of India.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted puddled rice with residue yielded 19.1%–32.2% more rice than conventional-till and zero-till direct seeded rice.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- transplanted puddled rice with residue (TPR‐R+)e0
- Outcome
- Rice yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19.1%–32.2%e0
- Comparator
- conventional‐till direct seeded rice (CTDSR) and zero‐till DSR (ZTDSR) treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yields were markedly higher (19.1%–32.2%) in transplanted puddled rice with residue (TPR‐R+) over conventional‐till direct seeded rice (CTDSR) and zero‐till DSR (ZTDSR) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted puddled rice adversely affected post-rainy pulse and oilseed crop performance.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“TPR adversely impacted the performance of all the post‐rainy pulses/oilseed crops”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-rainy crops under zero-till or conventional-till direct seeded rice yielded 14.9%–45.8% more than under transplanted puddled rice.
Verbatim
e0“Post‐rainy season crop yields under ZTDSR/CTDSR were 14.9%–45.8% higher leading to higher system productivity as compared to TPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till or conventional-till direct seeded rice led to higher system productivity than transplanted puddled rice.
Verbatim
e0“Post‐rainy season crop yields under ZTDSR/CTDSR were 14.9%–45.8% higher leading to higher system productivity as compared to TPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice with residue retention had higher soil aggregation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSR with residue retentione0
- Outcome
- soil aggregatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTDSR with residue retention showed higher soil aggregation”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice increased soil dehydrogenase activity by 46.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSRe0
- Outcome
- soil dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%)”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice increased soil urease activity by 29.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%)”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice increased soil microbial biomass carbon by 65.4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSRe0
- Outcome
- soil microbial biomass carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4)”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice increased fluorescein diacetate activity by 9.0%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSRe0
- Outcome
- fluorescein diacetate activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%)”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice had 3.3-times higher earthworm population.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%) in the crop root zone with 3.3‐ and 4.47‐times higher earthworm population and earthworm biomass, respectively”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice had 4.47-times higher earthworm biomass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%) in the crop root zone with 3.3‐ and 4.47‐times higher earthworm population and earthworm biomass, respectively”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-pulse sequences had 1.74-times more earthworms than rice-oilseed sequences.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice‐pulse systeme0
- Outcome
- earthworm populatione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 1.74‐timese0
- Comparator
- rice‐oilseed sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice‐pulse system showed 1.74‐times more earthworm population over rice‐oilseed sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero-till direct seeded rice had 21.8% higher soil organic carbon stock than transplanted puddled rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZTDSRe0
- Outcome
- Total soil organic carbon (SOC) stocke0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 21.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 0–45 cm soil profilee0
- Comparator
- TPRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in ZTDSR was 21.8% higher over TPR in 0–45 cm soil profile”
t0“rice‐fallow ecosystems”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend zero-till direct seeded rice and rice-fallow diversification with pulses to improve productivity, soil carbon and soil biology.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- adoption of ZTDSR practices and diversification of rice‐fallows with pulses cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adoption of ZTDSR practices and diversification of rice‐fallows with pulses crops is recommended for enhancing the crop productivity, increasing SOC stock, and improving soil biological properties”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.