Abstract
Onion waste of tremendous amount is produced during cultivation, after harvest, and during storage is mostly incinerated, neglected, and discarded which can rather be used as crop fertilizers with other agricultural by-products to improve both the yield and quality of crops. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea to evaluate red pepper and tomato plants with liquid fertilizers made from onion and tomato by-products using fermentation, water and boiled water extraction methods. The shoots fresh weight of red pepper was 9–19, 11–31 and 34–57% greater than the control after being treated with the onion and tomato extracts using fermentation, water and boiled water extraction methods, respectively. The shoots fresh weight of tomato was 11–13, 29–54 and 36–39% greater than the control after treatments of the aforementioned fertilizers, respectively. Furthermore, the fruit number of red pepper increased by 26–156% in the tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts compared to the control. The number of tomato fruits increased by 68133% after being fertilized with the tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts. Generally, the shoot fresh weight of red pepper and tomato increased with increasing tomato and onion extract concentrations at 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3%. Generally, the fermentation extracts were less effective on the shoot fresh weight, fruit number, and fruit weight of the tomato and red pepper than the water and boiled water extracts. Growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were generally more effective with twice application than that under once application. On the other hand, the growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were not consistent between the drenching application and foliar application. Generally, macroelements, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na, in the tomato fermentation, water, and boiled water extracts were lower than in the tomato meal. In addition, the macro-elements in tomato water and boiled water extracts were higher than tomato fermentation extracts. On the other hand, tomato and onion fermentation extract levels of micro-elements such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and B were higher than both tomato and onion meals. These results suggest that extraction methods in the liquid fertilizers can result in different mineral nutrition which ultimately affect crop growth promotion levels.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of red pepper was 9–19% greater than the control after treatment with fermentation extracts.
- Taxon
- red pepper
Capsicum annuum var. annuume1 - Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- onion and tomato extractse1
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 9–19e1
- Qualifier
- fermentatione1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e1“The shoots fresh weight of red pepper was 9–19, 11–31 and 34–57% greater than the control after being treated with the onion and tomato extracts using fermentation, water and boiled water extraction methods, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of red pepper was 11–31% greater than the control after treatment with water extracts.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- onion and tomato extractse1
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 11–31e1
- Qualifier
- watere1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e1“The shoots fresh weight of red pepper was 9–19, 11–31 and 34–57% greater than the control after being treated with the onion and tomato extracts using fermentation, water and boiled water extraction methods, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of red pepper was 34–57% greater than the control after treatment with boiled water extracts.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- onion and tomato extractse1
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 34–57%e1
- Qualifier
- boiled watere1
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e1“The shoots fresh weight of red pepper was 9–19, 11–31 and 34–57% greater than the control after being treated with the onion and tomato extracts using fermentation, water and boiled water extraction methods, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of tomato was 11–13% greater than the control after treatment with the aforementioned fertilizers.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Organ / stage
- shootse2
- Treatment
- aforementioned fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 11–13e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e2“The shoots fresh weight of tomato was 11–13, 29–54 and 36–39% greater than the control after treatments of the aforementioned fertilizers, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of tomato was 29–54% greater than the control after treatment with the aforementioned fertilizers.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- shootse2
- Treatment
- aforementioned fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 29–54e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e2“The shoots fresh weight of tomato was 11–13, 29–54 and 36–39% greater than the control after treatments of the aforementioned fertilizers, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of tomato was 36–39% greater than the control after treatment with the aforementioned fertilizers.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- shootse2
- Treatment
- aforementioned fertilizerse2
- Outcome
- shoots fresh weighte2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 36–39e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e2“The shoots fresh weight of tomato was 11–13, 29–54 and 36–39% greater than the control after treatments of the aforementioned fertilizers, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit number of red pepper increased by 26–156% with tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts compared with the control.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume3
- Treatment
- tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extractse3
- Outcome
- fruit numbere3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 26–156%e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e3“the fruit number of red pepper increased by 26–156% in the tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Number of tomato fruits increased by 68133% after fertilization with tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extractse4
- Outcome
- number of tomato fruitse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 68133%e4
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e4“The number of tomato fruits increased by 68133% after being fertilized with the tomato and onion fermentation and boiled water extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of red pepper increased with increasing tomato and onion extract concentrations from 0.1 to 3%.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume5
- Treatment
- tomato and onion extract concentrationse5
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3%e5
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e5“the shoot fresh weight of red pepper and tomato increased with increasing tomato and onion extract concentrations at 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh weight of tomato increased with increasing tomato and onion extract concentrations from 0.1 to 3%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- tomato and onion extract concentrationse5
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3%e5
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e5“the shoot fresh weight of red pepper and tomato increased with increasing tomato and onion extract concentrations at 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion of red pepper was more effective with twice application than with once application.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume6
- Treatment
- twice applicatione6
- Outcome
- Growth promotione6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- once applicatione6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e6“Growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were generally more effective with twice application than that under once application”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion of tomato was more effective with twice application than with once application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- twice applicatione6
- Outcome
- Growth promotione6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- once applicatione6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e6“Growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were generally more effective with twice application than that under once application”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion of red pepper was not consistent between drenching and foliar application.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume7
- Treatment
- drenching applicatione7
- Outcome
- growth promotione7
- Direction
- not consistente7
- Comparator
- foliar applicatione7
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e7“the growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were not consistent between the drenching application and foliar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth promotion of tomato was not consistent between drenching and foliar application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- drenching applicatione7
- Outcome
- growth promotione7
- Direction
- not consistente7
- Comparator
- foliar applicatione7
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions during 2019 at Sunchon National University, South Korea”
e7“the growth promotion of red pepper and tomato were not consistent between the drenching application and foliar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Macroelement levels were lower in tomato fermentation, water and boiled water extracts than in tomato meal.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- tomato fermentation, water, and boiled water extractse1
- Outcome
- macroelementse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- tomato meale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Generally, macroelements, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na, in the tomato fermentation, water, and boiled water extracts were lower than in the tomato meal”
Claim · model-written summary
Macroelement levels were higher in tomato water and boiled water extracts than in tomato fermentation extracts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- tomato water and boiled water extractse1
- Outcome
- macro-elementse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- tomato fermentation extractse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the macro-elements in tomato water and boiled water extracts were higher than tomato fermentation extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro-element levels such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and B were higher in tomato and onion fermentation extracts than in both tomato and onion meals.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- tomato and onion fermentation extracte1
- Outcome
- micro-elementse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Be1
- Comparator
- both tomato and onion mealse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“tomato and onion fermentation extract levels of micro-elements such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and B were higher than both tomato and onion meals”
Claim · model-written summary
Extraction methods of liquid fertilizers may produce different mineral nutrition, which affects crop growth promotion levels.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- extraction methodse1
- Outcome
- crop growth promotion levelse1
- Qualifier
- different mineral nutritione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“extraction methods in the liquid fertilizers can result in different mineral nutrition which ultimately affect crop growth promotion levels”
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See all 34 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.