Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient necessary for plant growth, development, and reproduction. Two field experiments were carried out in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 on P-deficient soil to evaluate the impact of foliar fertilization with nanophosphorus (nP) on growth, yield, and physio-biochemical indices, as well as trigonelline content of fenugreek plants under deficient irrigation (dI) stress (a deficit of 20 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration; dI-20 and dI-40). The growth and yield traits, leaf integrity (relative water content and membrane stability index), photosynthetic pigment contents, leaf and seed P contents, and stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40. In contrast, water-use efficiency, osmoprotective compounds, including free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and trigonelline, along with antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activity increased significantly under both dI-20 and dI-40. However, foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features. Besides, water-use efficiency, osmoprotectant contents, and antioxidant content and activity were further increased under both dI-20 and dI-40. The positive effects were more pronounced with the smaller nP (25 nm) than the larger nP (50 nm). The results of this study backed up the idea of using foliar nourishment with nP, which can be effective in modulating fenugreek plant growth and seed production.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecumt0 - Treatment
- dI-20e0
- Outcome
- growth and yield traitse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth and yield traits, leaf integrity (relative water content and membrane stability index), photosynthetic pigment contents, leaf and seed P contents, and stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced leaf integrity and photosynthetic pigment content.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- dI-20e0
- Outcome
- leaf integrity (relative water content and membrane stability index), photosynthetic pigment contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf integrity (relative water content and membrane stability index), photosynthetic pigment contents, leaf and seed P contents, and stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced leaf and seed phosphorus content.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- dI-20e0
- Outcome
- leaf and seed P contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf and seed P contents, and stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation reduced stem and leaf anatomical features.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- dI-20e0
- Outcome
- stem and leaf anatomical featurese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Both deficit irrigation treatments increased water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- both dI-20 and dI-40e0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency, osmoprotective compounds, including free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and trigonelline, along with antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activity increased significantly under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Both deficit irrigation treatments increased osmoprotective compounds.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- both dI-20 and dI-40e0
- Outcome
- osmoprotective compounds, including free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and trigonellinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“osmoprotective compounds, including free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and trigonelline, along with antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activity increased significantly under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Both deficit irrigation treatments increased antioxidant contents and activity.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- both dI-20 and dI-40e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activity increased significantly under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P increased growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- foliar feeding with nano-Pe0
- Outcome
- plant growth and yield traitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P increased leaf integrity and pigment contents.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- foliar feeding with nano-Pe0
- Outcome
- leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P increased leaf and seed phosphorus contents.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- foliar feeding with nano-Pe0
- Outcome
- leaf and seed P contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P increased anatomical features.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- foliar feeding with nano-Pe0
- Outcome
- anatomical featurese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P further increased water-use efficiency under both deficits.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- nano-Pe1
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- further increasede0
- Qualifier
- both dI-20 and dI-40e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency, osmoprotectant contents, and antioxidant content and activity were further increased under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
e1“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P further increased osmoprotectant contents under both deficits.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- nano-Pe1
- Outcome
- osmoprotectant contentse0
- Direction
- further increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency, osmoprotectant contents, and antioxidant content and activity were further increased under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
e1“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nano-P further increased antioxidant content and activity under both deficits.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- nano-Pe1
- Outcome
- antioxidant content and activitye0
- Direction
- further increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency, osmoprotectant contents, and antioxidant content and activity were further increased under both dI-20 and dI-40.”
t0“fenugreek”
e1“foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features.”
Claim · model-written summary
Smaller 25 nm nano-P had more pronounced positive effects than 50 nm nano-P.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- smaller nP (25 nm)e0
- Outcome
- positive effectse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- larger nP (50 nm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The positive effects were more pronounced with the smaller nP (25 nm) than the larger nP (50 nm).”
t0“fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors endorsed foliar nP for fenugreek growth and seed production.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- foliar nourishment with nPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using foliar nourishment with nP, which can be effective in modulating fenugreek plant growth and seed production.”
t0“fenugreek”
The same questions in other papers
micronutrient · yield · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nanoparticle · molecular: metabolites · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
nanoparticle · yield · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.