Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about soybean grain chemical composition response to defoliation. The objectives of our study were: (i) to quantify the impact of different levels and timing of defoliation during the filling period on soybean grain yield and grain chemical content and composition, including protein, oil, fatty acids, and isoflavones; and (ii) to establish associations between them and the level and timing of defoliation. RESULTS: Yield and grain chemical components were reduced by defoliation treatments, these effects being more pronounced as defoliation increased. Mild defoliation (33%) caused small or non-significant changes in yield, its components, protein, oil, and isoflavone contents and concentrations. However, it affected oil composition, increasing the degree of unsaturation, which became more accentuated as defoliation increased. Moderate defoliation (66%) produced similar relative reductions in protein and oil contents, with small effects in isoflavone content, resulting in a generally greater isoflavone concentration in defatted flour and a greater isoflavone/protein ratio in grain. Total defoliation (100%) produced greater relative reductions in oil and isoflavone contents than in protein content. These resulted in higher protein/oil ratio and protein concentration and lower isoflavone/protein ratio and isoflavone concentration. Analyzed variables were associated with cumulative solar radiation during grain filling; indeed, this parameter successfully captured the effects of defoliation intensity and timing. CONCLUSION: By exploring different levels and timings of defoliation during the filling period, our study provides novel and important information regarding the impact of light interception decreases on grain chemical components, with special emphasis on nutraceuticals. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation reduced yield, increasingly with severity.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- defoliation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- more pronounced as defoliation increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield and grain chemical components were reduced by defoliation treatments, these effects being more pronounced as defoliation increased”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation reduced grain chemical components increasingly with severity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- defoliation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain chemical componentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield and grain chemical components were reduced by defoliation treatments, these effects being more pronounced as defoliation increased”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild 33% defoliation caused small or nonsignificant changes in yield, components and protein, oil and isoflavone levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Mild defoliation (33%)e0
- Outcome
- yield, its components, protein, oil, and isoflavone contents and concentrationse0
- Direction
- small or non-significant changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mild defoliation (33%) caused small or non-significant changes in yield, its components, protein, oil, and isoflavone contents and concentrations”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild defoliation increased oil unsaturation, with a larger effect at stronger defoliation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- degree of unsaturatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- more accentuated as defoliation increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it affected oil composition, increasing the degree of unsaturation, which became more accentuated as defoliation increased”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate 66% defoliation similarly reduced protein and oil contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate defoliation (66%)e0
- Outcome
- protein and oil contentse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate defoliation (66%) produced similar relative reductions in protein and oil contents”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate defoliation had small effects on isoflavone content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Moderate defoliation (66%)e0
- Outcome
- isoflavone contente0
- Direction
- small effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate defoliation (66%) produced similar relative reductions in protein and oil contents, with small effects in isoflavone content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate defoliation increased isoflavone concentration in defatted flour and the grain isoflavone to protein ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- isoflavone concentration in defatted flour and a greater isoflavone/protein ratio in graine0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a generally greater isoflavone concentration in defatted flour and a greater isoflavone/protein ratio in grain”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total defoliation reduced oil content more than protein content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Total defoliation (100%)e0
- Outcome
- oile0
- Direction
- greater relative reductionse0
- Comparator
- protein contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total defoliation (100%) produced greater relative reductions in oil and isoflavone contents than in protein content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total defoliation reduced isoflavone content more than protein content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Total defoliation (100%)e0
- Outcome
- isoflavone contentse0
- Direction
- greater relative reductionse0
- Comparator
- protein contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total defoliation (100%) produced greater relative reductions in oil and isoflavone contents than in protein content”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total defoliation increased the grain protein to oil ratio and protein concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- protein/oil ratio and protein concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These resulted in higher protein/oil ratio and protein concentration”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Total defoliation lowered isoflavone to protein ratio and isoflavone concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- isoflavone/protein ratio and isoflavone concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower isoflavone/protein ratio and isoflavone concentration”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Analyzed grain variables were associated with cumulative solar radiation during grain filling.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cumulative solar radiation during grain fillinge0
- Outcome
- Analyzed variablese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analyzed variables were associated with cumulative solar radiation during grain filling”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative solar radiation captured effects of defoliation intensity and timing.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- effects of defoliation intensity and timinge0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this parameter successfully captured the effects of defoliation intensity and timing”
t0“soybean”
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See all 110 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.