Abstract
Studies assessing the toxicity of glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mixture are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the mixture of these herbicides using Allium cepa. Roots were exposed to glyphosate (1.56 and 11.66 mg mL−1), 2,4-D (0.28 and 17.5 mg mL−1) and mixture for 24 h, based on the average concentration applied in the field and the acute reference dose (ARfD) established in Brazil. Both isolated and associated herbicides induced a significative decrease in mitotic index (MI) (P < 0.0001) in all tested concentrations. Regarding the genotoxicity results, 2,4-D and the mixture showed, at concentrations applied in the field, a significative increase of chromosomal anomalies (CA) index compared to control (P < 0.0001) and glyphosate (P = 0.024 and P = 0.0002, respectively). All tested groups from the ARfD showed a significative difference compared to the control group (P < 0.0001), as well as glyphosate and 2,4-D isolated compared to the mixture (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The most observed CA were apoptotic bodies, giant cells, and nuclear erosions. We emphasize the need for further studies assessing the toxicity of these herbicides’ mixture due to the distinct effects caused in different organisms.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate significantly reduced the Allium mitotic index at all tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- glyphosatet0
- Outcome
- mitotic index (MI)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- all tested concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both isolated and associated herbicides induced a significative decrease in mitotic index (MI) (P < 0.0001) in all tested concentrations.”
t0“glyphosate and 2,4-D formulations using theAllium cepabioassay”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D significantly reduced the Allium mitotic index at all tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-Dt0
- Outcome
- mitotic index (MI)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- all tested concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both isolated and associated herbicides induced a significative decrease in mitotic index (MI) (P < 0.0001) in all tested concentrations.”
t0“2,4-D formulations using theAllium cepabioassay”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide mixture significantly reduced the Allium mitotic index at all tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- mixturee1
- Outcome
- mitotic index (MI)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- all tested concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both isolated and associated herbicides induced a significative decrease in mitotic index (MI) (P < 0.0001) in all tested concentrations.”
e1“Roots were exposed to glyphosate (1.56 and 11.66 mg mL−1), 2,4-D (0.28 and 17.5 mg mL−1) and mixture for 24 h”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
At field concentrations, 2,4-D increased chromosomal anomalies relative to control and glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- chromosomal anomalies (CA) indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- concentrations applied in the fielde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D and the mixture showed, at concentrations applied in the field, a significative increase of chromosomal anomalies (CA) index compared to control (P < 0.0001) and glyphosate (P = 0.024 and P = 0.0002, respectively).”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
At field concentrations, the herbicide mixture increased chromosomal anomalies relative to control and glyphosate.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- mixturee0
- Outcome
- chromosomal anomalies (CA) indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- concentrations applied in the fielde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D and the mixture showed, at concentrations applied in the field, a significative increase of chromosomal anomalies (CA) index compared to control (P < 0.0001) and glyphosate (P = 0.024 and P = 0.0002, respectively).”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested acute-reference-dose groups differed significantly from controls in chromosomal anomalies.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- All tested groups from the ARfDe0
- Outcome
- chromosomal anomalies (CA) indexe1
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All tested groups from the ARfD showed a significative difference compared to the control group (P < 0.0001)”
e1“chromosomal anomalies (CA) index”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
At the acute reference dose, isolated glyphosate differed significantly from the mixture.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- chromosomal anomalies (CA) indexe1
- Comparator
- mixturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate and 2,4-D isolated compared to the mixture (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively)”
e1“chromosomal anomalies (CA) index”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
At the acute reference dose, isolated 2,4-D differed significantly from the mixture.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- chromosomal anomalies (CA) indexe1
- Comparator
- mixturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate and 2,4-D isolated compared to the mixture (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively)”
e1“chromosomal anomalies (CA) index”
t0“Allium cepa”
Claim · model-written summary
Apoptotic bodies, giant cells and nuclear erosions were the most observed chromosomal anomalies.
- Taxon
- Allium cepaAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- apoptotic bodies, giant cells, and nuclear erosionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most observed CA were apoptotic bodies, giant cells, and nuclear erosions.”
t0“Allium cepa”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · cytology · Allium cepa (onion)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
glyphosate · cytology · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.