Abstract
Cadmium (Cd +2 ) is a potential and widespread toxic environmental pollutant, mainly derived from a rapid industrial process that has inhibitory effects on growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of various plant species, including medicinal plants such as Silybum marianum L. Gaertn commonly known as milk thistle. Plant signaling molecules, when applied exogenously, help to enhance/activate endogenous biosynthesis of potentially important signaling molecules and antioxidants that boost tolerance against various abiotic stresses, e.g., heavy metal stress. The present study documented the protective role of salicylic acid (SA;0.25 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ; 10 μM) priming, foliar spray, and combinational treatments in reducing Cd +2 toxicity (500 μM) in milk thistle grown at two diverse ecological zones of Balochistan Province of Pakistan i.e., Quetta (Qta) and Turbat (Tbt). The morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of milk thistle were significantly affected by Cd +2 toxicity; however, priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2 significantly improved the growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a , b , and carotenoids) and secondary metabolites (Anthocyanin, Soluble phenolics, and Tannins) at both altitudes by suppressing the negative impact of Cd +2 . However, the oxidative damage parameters, i.e., MDA and H 2 O 2 , decreased astonishingly under the treatment of signaling molecules, thereby protecting membrane integrity under Cd +2 stress. The morphological variations were profound at the low altitude (Tbt) as compared to the high altitude (Qta). Interestingly, the physiological and biochemical attributes at both altitudes improved under SA and H 2 O 2 treatments, thus hampered the toxic effect of Cd +2 . These signaling compounds enhanced tolerance of plants under heavy metal stress conditions with the consideration of altitudinal, and ambient temperature variations remain to be the key concerns.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium toxicity significantly affected milk thistle morphology, physiology and biochemistry.
- Taxon
- milk thistle
Silybum marianume0 - Treatment
- Cd +2 toxicitye0
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological and biochemical attributese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of milk thistle were significantly affected by Cd +2 toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide improved milk thistle growth under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Milk ThistleSilybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2e0
- Outcome
- growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2 significantly improved the growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight)”
t0“Milk Thistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide improved photosynthetic pigments under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Milk ThistleSilybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments (Chl a , b , and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2 significantly improved the growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a , b , and carotenoids) and secondary metabolites (Anthocyanin, Soluble phenolics, and Tannins) at both altitudes”
t0“Milk Thistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide improved secondary metabolites under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Milk ThistleSilybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2e0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites (Anthocyanin, Soluble phenolics, and Tannins)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming and foliar spray of SA and H 2 O 2 significantly improved the growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a , b , and carotenoids) and secondary metabolites (Anthocyanin, Soluble phenolics, and Tannins) at both altitudes”
t0“Milk Thistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Signaling molecule treatments decreased oxidative damage parameters.
- Taxon
- Milk ThistleSilybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- treatment of signaling moleculese0
- Outcome
- oxidative damage parameters, i.e., MDA and H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the oxidative damage parameters, i.e., MDA and H 2 O 2 , decreased astonishingly under the treatment of signaling molecules”
t0“Milk Thistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Milk thistle morphological variation was greater at low than high altitude.
- Taxon
- Milk ThistleSilybum marianumt0
- Outcome
- morphological variationse0
- Direction
- profounde0
- Comparator
- high altitude (Qta)e0
- Setting
- low altitude (Tbt)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The morphological variations were profound at the low altitude (Tbt) as compared to the high altitude (Qta).”
t0“Milk Thistle”
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