Abstract
(L.) Gaertn) is a globally and widely used medicinal plant that contains silymarin. This plant has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, and neuroprotective effects. Plant quality, yield, and phytochemicals, especially silymarin content, change under various conditions like drought stress. Therefore, this research studied plant growth regulators (PGRs) like salicylic acid, spermidine, and brassinosteroid to increase plant tolerance to drought stress. Experimental treatments include different levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% field capacity), and foliar spraying including salicylic acid (75 and 150 mg/L), spermine (70 and 140 mg/L), and brassinosteroid (1 and 1.2 μM), separately, and water as a control and a secondary factor. The results revealed that the highest amount of leaf phenolic compounds was observed in the highest drought stress level (25%) and 75 mg/L salicylic acid application. Furthermore, brassinosteroid at different concentrations and salicylic acid (75 mg/L) increased leaf flavonoid content compared to other treatments. In 50% field capacity, foliar application of salicylic acid (150 mg/L) significantly increased seed yield by approximately 75% compared to control under the same stress level. Brassinosteroid application (1 μM) under 75% field capacity significantly increased the seed's taxifolin amount by 159%. Additionally, salicylic acid noticeably increased the silychristin concentration. The concentration of silydianin in the seed has also been increased under drought stress and foliar spraying with PGRs. Compared to the control, using spermidine below 75% field capacity caused an increase in its concentrations by over seven times. The highest silybin A amount was obtained in 50% field capacity and foliar150 mg/L salicylic acid. Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybinin B, iso-silybinin A, and iso-silybinin B compounds were identified in the seed extract. Generally, foliar spraying using plant growth regulators increased the number of silymarin compounds under drought stress conditions and field cultivation conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phenolics were highest at 25% field capacity with 75 mg/L salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)
Silybum marianumt0 - Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- 75 mg/L salicylic acid applicatione0
- Outcome
- amount of leaf phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- highest drought stress level (25%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“the highest amount of leaf phenolic compounds was observed in the highest drought stress level (25%) and 75 mg/L salicylic acid application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroid increased leaf flavonoids relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- brassinosteroid at different concentrationse0
- Outcome
- leaf flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“brassinosteroid at different concentrations and salicylic acid (75 mg/L) increased leaf flavonoid content compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid at 75 mg/L increased leaf flavonoids relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (75 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- leaf flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“brassinosteroid at different concentrations and salicylic acid (75 mg/L) increased leaf flavonoid content compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50% field capacity, 150 mg/L salicylic acid raised seed yield about 75% over control.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of salicylic acid (150 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 75%e0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacitye0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“In 50% field capacity, foliar application of salicylic acid (150 mg/L) significantly increased seed yield by approximately 75% compared to control under the same stress level.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75% field capacity, 1 μM brassinosteroid raised seed taxifolin by 159%.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- Brassinosteroid application (1 μM)e0
- Outcome
- seed's taxifolin amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 159%e0
- Qualifier
- 75% field capacitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“Brassinosteroid application (1 μM) under 75% field capacity significantly increased the seed's taxifolin amount by 159%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased silychristin concentration.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- silychristin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“salicylic acid noticeably increased the silychristin concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased seed silydianin concentration.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- concentration of silydianin in the seede0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“The concentration of silydianin in the seed has also been increased under drought stress and foliar spraying with PGRs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar PGR spraying increased seed silydianin concentration.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying with PGRse0
- Outcome
- concentration of silydianin in the seede0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“The concentration of silydianin in the seed has also been increased under drought stress and foliar spraying with PGRs.”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 75% field capacity, spermidine raised silydianin over sevenfold versus control.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- concentration of silydianin in the seede1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- over seven timese0
- Qualifier
- below 75% field capacitye0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“Compared to the control, using spermidine below 75% field capacity caused an increase in its concentrations by over seven times.”
e1“The concentration of silydianin in the seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed silybin A was highest at 50% field capacity with 150 mg/L salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- foliar150 mg/L salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- silybin A amounte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 50% field capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“The highest silybin A amount was obtained in 50% field capacity and foliar150 mg/L salicylic acid.”
Claim · model-written summary
Taxifolin, silychristin and silydianin were identified in seed extract.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Organ / stage
- seed extracte0
- Outcome
- Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybinin B, iso-silybinin A, and iso-silybinin B compounds were identified in the seed extract.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silybinin B, iso-silybinin A and iso-silybinin B were identified in seed extract.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Organ / stage
- seed extracte0
- Outcome
- silybinin B, iso-silybinin A, and iso-silybinin Be0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“Taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybinin B, iso-silybinin A, and iso-silybinin B compounds were identified in the seed extract.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar PGRs generally increased the number of silymarin compounds under drought and field cultivation.
- Taxon
- milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)Silybum marianumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying using plant growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- number of silymarin compoundse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under drought stress conditions and field cultivation conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn)”
e0“Generally, foliar spraying using plant growth regulators increased the number of silymarin compounds under drought stress conditions and field cultivation conditions.”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · quality: phytochemicals · Silybum marianum (milk thistle)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
drought · molecular: metabolites · Silybum marianum (milk thistle)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · molecular: metabolites · Silybum marianum (milk thistle)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · yield · Silybum marianum (milk thistle)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.