Abstract
Context Heavy metal contamination of soils is a serious environmental problem worldwide. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are considered among the most important types of pollutants. Aim To investigate the response of a local fenugreek cultivar against lead and cadmium. Methods Physiological changes were studied under different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μM) of PbCl2 and CdCl2. Key results Fenugreek growth decreased gradually with increasing Cd and Pb supply. This decrease was accompanied by a gradual decline in shoot and root length and photosynthetic parameters. However, Cd treatments showed pronounced effects in fenugreek seedlings as compared to Pb. The tolerance index was between 0.41 and 0.81, which suggests relative tolerance of this cultivar to Pb and Cd. This species was also able to maintain stable water status. Nevertheless, in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%). Shoot proline content was increased significantly under 200 and 300 μM Cd, and slightly under 100 and 200 μM Pb. Furthermore, Cd and Pb induced a decrease in shoot magnesium and phosphorus content. Conversely, shoot iron content was increased. Data showed that fenugreek accumulated Cd, and translocated to the harvestable parts (up to 20 mg/kg DW under 400 μM). However, Pb was mostly accumulated in roots. Conclusions Our results revealed that the relative tolerance of fenugreek to Pb excess was coupled to a remarkable accumulation of this element in root, which favourite the phytostabilisation process. Implications FM, FL, SJ and OTZ execute the manipulation and the culture of plants. FM, OTZ, IN and KZ analyse and examine obtained results. FM, OTZ and KZ write and preparethe manuscript. IN, HM and KZ prepare the conception and the realisation ofthis work.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Cd and Pb reduced fenugreek growth, shoot and root length, and photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- Fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecume0 - Treatment
- increasing Cd and Pb supplye0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fenugreek growth decreased gradually with increasing Cd and Pb supply. This decrease was accompanied by a gradual decline in shoot and root length and photosynthetic parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium had more pronounced effects on seedlings than lead.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- Cd treatmentse0
- Outcome
- effects in fenugreek seedlingse0
- Comparator
- Pbe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd treatments showed pronounced effects in fenugreek seedlings as compared to Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerance index ranged from 0.41 to 0.81.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- tolerance indexe0
- Value
- 0.41 and 0.81e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tolerance index was between 0.41 and 0.81, which suggests relative tolerance of this cultivar to Pb and Cd.”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenugreek maintained stable water status.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- stable water statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This species was also able to maintain stable water status.”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 400 μM Cd, CO2 assimilation fell by 86%.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentration (400 μM)e0
- Outcome
- CO2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 86%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%)”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 400 μM Cd, transpiration rate fell by 87%.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentration (400 μM)e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%)”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 400 μM Cd, stomatal conductance fell by 57%.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentration (400 μM)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%)”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 400 μM Cd, chlorophyll content fell by 35%.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentration (400 μM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%)”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 400 μM Cd, carotenoid content fell by 53%.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- high Cd concentration (400 μM)e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in presence of high Cd concentration (400 μM), this species showed substantial decrease in CO2 assimilation (86%), transpiration rate (87%), stomatal conductance (57%), chlorophyll content (35%) and carotenoid content (53%)”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 200 and 300 μM significantly increased shoot proline.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- 200 and 300 μM Cde0
- Outcome
- Shoot proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot proline content was increased significantly under 200 and 300 μM Cd”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb at 100 and 200 μM slightly increased shoot proline.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- 100 and 200 μM Pbe0
- Outcome
- Shoot proline contente1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slightly under 100 and 200 μM Pb”
e1“Shoot proline content was increased significantly under 200 and 300 μM Cd, and slightly under 100 and 200 μM Pb”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Pb reduced shoot magnesium and phosphorus content.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Cd and Pbe0
- Outcome
- shoot magnesium and phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd and Pb induced a decrease in shoot magnesium and phosphorus content”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Pb increased shoot iron content.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Cd and Pbe1
- Outcome
- shoot iron contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, shoot iron content was increased.”
e1“Cd and Pb induced a decrease in shoot magnesium and phosphorus content.”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium accumulated in harvestable parts up to 20 mg/kg DW at 400 μM.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Outcome
- accumulated Cd, and translocated to the harvestable partse0
- Value
- 20 mg/kg DWe0
- Qualifier
- under 400 μMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fenugreek accumulated Cd, and translocated to the harvestable parts (up to 20 mg/kg DW under 400 μM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead accumulated mainly in roots.
- Taxon
- Trigonella foenum-graecum L.Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- Pb was mostly accumulated in rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb was mostly accumulated in roots”
t0“Trigonella foenum-graecum L.”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.