Abstract
Abstract Onion (Allium cepa) and fenugreek (Trigonella poenum‐graceum) growth was measured in glasshouse on a slightly alkaline clay‐loam soil from Northern India. Cadmium, Ni, Pb and Zn were applied at the rate of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of soil. The fresh and dry weights of onion and fenugreek were drastically reduced even at the 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cd and decreased further at higher applied levels. There was a slight decrease in the yield of both of the vegetables at 50 mg Ni/kg soil but at 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above yield decrease was significant. No growth was observed at 400 mg Ni/kg soil. The application of 50 mg Zn/kg soil slightly increased the yield of both of the vegetables, but the yield decreased at higher levels of applied Zn and more so for fenugreek. The threshold concentration, toxicity index and loading rate to produce ten percent yield reduction were also calculated. These values suggested that the toxicity of heavy metals varied with crop species. The concentrations of the elements in onion bulb and fenugreek root and leaves increased linearally with increasing levels of applied elements. The uptake of Zn was highest, followed by Cd, Ni and then Pb. The roots accumulated higher amounts of these elements than the leaves. Tissue concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn associated with ten percent yield reduction for onion were 6, 3.2, 8 and 75 ppm, respectively, and for fenugreek, the concentrations were 1.5, 7.8, 11.5 and 54.5 ppm, respectively. In general, phytotoxicities were found to be in the order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Zn. The DTPA extractable elements in soil, after the harvest of crops, increased with increasing levels of applied elements in soil.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 50 mg/kg soil drastically reduced onion fresh and dry weight, with further decreases at higher levels.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cde1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- drastically reducede1
- Comparator
- higher applied levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“fresh and dry weights of onion and fenugreek were drastically reduced even at the 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cd and decreased further at higher applied levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd at 50 mg/kg soil drastically reduced fenugreek fresh and dry weight, with further decreases at higher levels.
- Taxon
- fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecume0 - Treatment
- 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cde1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weightse1
- Direction
- drastically reducede1
- Comparator
- higher applied levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“fresh and dry weights of onion and fenugreek were drastically reduced even at the 50 mg/kg soil addition of Cd and decreased further at higher applied levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni at 50 mg/kg soil slightly decreased onion yield, and 100 mg/kg or higher significantly decreased it.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Ni/kg soile1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- slight decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“slight decrease in the yield of both of the vegetables at 50 mg Ni/kg soil but at 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above yield decrease was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni at 50 mg/kg soil slightly decreased fenugreek yield.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Ni/kg soile1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- slight decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“slight decrease in the yield of both of the vegetables at 50 mg Ni/kg soil”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above, onion yield decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- 100 mg Ni/kg soil and abovee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“at 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above yield decrease was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above, fenugreek yield decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 100 mg Ni/kg soil and abovee1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“at 100 mg Ni/kg soil and above yield decrease was significant”
Claim · model-written summary
No onion growth occurred at 400 mg Ni/kg soil.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- 400 mg Ni/kg soile1
- Outcome
- No growthe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“No growth was observed at 400 mg Ni/kg soil”
Claim · model-written summary
No fenugreek growth occurred at 400 mg Ni/kg soil.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 400 mg Ni/kg soile1
- Outcome
- No growthe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“No growth was observed at 400 mg Ni/kg soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn at 50 mg/kg soil slightly increased onion yield, while higher levels reduced yield.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Zn/kg soile1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- slightly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“application of 50 mg Zn/kg soil slightly increased the yield of both of the vegetables”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn at 50 mg/kg soil slightly increased fenugreek yield.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Zn/kg soile1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- slightly increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“application of 50 mg Zn/kg soil slightly increased the yield of both of the vegetables”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn levels reduced onion yield.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- higher levels of applied Zne1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“yield decreased at higher levels of applied Zn and more so for fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Zn levels reduced fenugreek yield more than onion yield.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- higher levels of applied Zne1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“yield decreased at higher levels of applied Zn and more so for fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion bulb concentrations of applied elements increased linearly with dose.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- bulbe0
- Treatment
- applied elementse1
- Outcome
- concentrations of the elementse1
- Direction
- increased linearallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion bulb”
e1“concentrations of the elements in onion bulb and fenugreek root and leaves increased linearally with increasing levels of applied elements”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenugreek root and leaf concentrations of applied elements increased linearly with dose.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Organ / stage
- root and leavese0
- Treatment
- applied elementse1
- Outcome
- concentrations of the elementse1
- Direction
- increased linearallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fenugreek root and leaves”
e1“concentrations of the elements in onion bulb and fenugreek root and leaves increased linearally with increasing levels of applied elements”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn uptake was highest, followed by Cd, Ni, then Pb.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- uptake of Zne1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion and fenugreek”
e1“uptake of Zn was highest, followed by Cd, Ni and then Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots accumulated more of the elements than leaves.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Outcome
- amounts of these elementse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- leavese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fenugreek root and leaves”
e1“roots accumulated higher amounts of these elements than the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion tissue Cd at ten percent yield reduction was 6 ppm.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- Tissue concentrations of Cde1
- Value
- 6e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“Tissue concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn associated with ten percent yield reduction for onion were 6, 3.2, 8 and 75 ppm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenugreek tissue Cd at ten percent yield reduction was 1.5 ppm.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Outcome
- concentrationse1
- Value
- 1.5e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of onion and fenugreek”
e1“for fenugreek, the concentrations were 1.5, 7.8, 11.5 and 54.5 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall phytotoxicity ranked Cd above Ni above Pb above Zn.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitiese1
- Qualifier
- Cd > Ni > Pb > Zne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion and fenugreek”
e1“phytotoxicities were found to be in the order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
DTPA-extractable soil elements rose as applied-element levels rose after crop harvest.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- applied elements in soile1
- Outcome
- DTPA extractable elements in soile1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion and fenugreek”
e1“DTPA extractable elements in soil, after the harvest of crops, increased with increasing levels of applied elements in soil”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
cadmium atom · growth · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
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See all 7 papers →zinc atom · yield · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.