Abstract
Nickel (Ni) toxicity has a wide range of metabolic effects on plants, and various anatomical and morphological modifications occur that consequently diminish growth and productivity of plants. Different means of nutrient delivery in plants are being used to combat the harmful effects of Ni stress. The purpose of this study was to determine how the fenugreek plant (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) responds to exogenous supplementation of calcium (Ca) in stress free and stressed conditions (Ni stress). The plants were supplemented with different concentrations of calcium (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg kg−1) as CaCl2 under Ni stress. The selected concentration of Ni was applied in the form of NiCl2 with 80 mg kg−1 of soil to the plants and one set was kept as control. Nickel applied at highest concentration (80 mg kg−1) exhibited maximum inhibition in most of the parameters studied. In this study, Ni at 80 mg kg−1 reduced all the growth attributes (shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area) as well as physiological attributes (chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities). The antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and other oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) substantially increased as compared to the control in Ni-exposed plants. However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil The exogenous application of Ca exhibited a significant and synergistic effect on the overall growth and physiological and metabolic processes of the plant without stress. Furthermore, exogenously-applied Ca also proved effective in countering Ni toxicity and protected fenugreek plant by strengthening antioxidant defense system and other factional attributes.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 80 mg kg−1 reduced shoot and root lengths of fenugreek compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Trigonella foenum-graecumt0 - Treatment
- Ni at 80 mg kg−1e3
- Outcome
- shoot and root lengthse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e1“The selected concentration of Ni was applied in the form of NiCl2 with 80 mg kg−1 of soil to the plants and one set was kept as control”
e3“In this study, Ni at 80 mg kg−1 reduced all the growth attributes (shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area) as well as physiological attributes (chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 80 mg kg−1 reduced plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area of fenugreek compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni at 80 mg kg−1e3
- Outcome
- plant fresh and dry weights and leaf areae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e1“The selected concentration of Ni was applied in the form of NiCl2 with 80 mg kg−1 of soil to the plants and one set was kept as control”
e3“In this study, Ni at 80 mg kg−1 reduced all the growth attributes (shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area) as well as physiological attributes (chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 80 mg kg−1 reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content of fenugreek compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni at 80 mg kg−1e3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) contente3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e1“The selected concentration of Ni was applied in the form of NiCl2 with 80 mg kg−1 of soil to the plants and one set was kept as control”
e3“In this study, Ni at 80 mg kg−1 reduced all the growth attributes (shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area) as well as physiological attributes (chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 80 mg kg−1 reduced maximum quantum efficiency, carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase activities of fenugreek compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni at 80 mg kg−1e3
- Outcome
- maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activitiese3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e1“The selected concentration of Ni was applied in the form of NiCl2 with 80 mg kg−1 of soil to the plants and one set was kept as control”
e3“In this study, Ni at 80 mg kg−1 reduced all the growth attributes (shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights and leaf area) as well as physiological attributes (chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) content, maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel-exposed fenugreek had substantially increased SOD, CAT and POX antioxidant enzyme activities compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni-exposed plantse4
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX)e4
- Direction
- substantially increasede4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e4“The antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and other oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) substantially increased as compared to the control in Ni-exposed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel-exposed fenugreek had substantially increased H2O2, MDA and proline contents compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni-exposed plantse4
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) contente4
- Direction
- substantially increasede4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e4“The antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and other oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) substantially increased as compared to the control in Ni-exposed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel-exposed fenugreek had substantially increased electrolyte leakage compared with control.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ni-exposed plantse4
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL)e4
- Direction
- substantially increasede4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e4“The antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and other oxidative stress markers such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) substantially increased as compared to the control in Ni-exposed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride at 120 mg kg−1 of soil improved all growth characteristics of fenugreek significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soile5
- Outcome
- all growth characteristicse5
- Direction
- improved significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e5“However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride at 120 mg kg−1 of soil improved chlorophyll, carotenoid and Fv/Fm of fenugreek significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soile5
- Outcome
- Chl, Car, fv/fme5
- Direction
- improved significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e5“However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride at 120 mg kg−1 of soil improved CAT, POX and SOD of fenugreek significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soile5
- Outcome
- CAT, POX, and SODe5
- Direction
- improved significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e5“However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride at 120 mg kg−1 of soil improved PRO, H2O2 and MDA of fenugreek significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soile5
- Outcome
- PRO, H2O2, MDAe5
- Direction
- improved significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e5“However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride at 120 mg kg−1 of soil improved electrolyte leakage of fenugreek significantly.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soile5
- Outcome
- ELe5
- Direction
- improved significantlye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e5“However, all growth characteristics as well as the level of other functional attributes viz. Chl, Car, fv/fm, CAT, POX, and SOD, PRO, H2O2, MDA and EL improved significantly in plants supplied with CaCl2 at 120 mg kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous calcium had a significant and synergistic effect on the overall growth and physiological and metabolic processes of fenugreek without stress.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of Cae6
- Outcome
- overall growth and physiological and metabolic processese6
- Direction
- synergistic effecte6
- Qualifier
- without stresse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e6“The exogenous application of Ca exhibited a significant and synergistic effect on the overall growth and physiological and metabolic processes of the plant without stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenously applied calcium was effective in countering nickel toxicity in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- exogenously-applied Cae7
- Outcome
- countering Ni toxicitye7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e7“Furthermore, exogenously-applied Ca also proved effective in countering Ni toxicity and protected fenugreek plant by strengthening antioxidant defense system and other factional attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium protects fenugreek against nickel toxicity by strengthening its antioxidant defence system.
- Taxon
- fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)Trigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- countering Ni toxicitye7
- Qualifier
- by strengthening antioxidant defense systeme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
e7“Furthermore, exogenously-applied Ca also proved effective in countering Ni toxicity and protected fenugreek plant by strengthening antioxidant defense system and other factional attributes”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · growth · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
nickel atom · physiology: pigments · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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calcium atom · pest · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nickel atom · growth · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
calcium chloride dihydrate · growth · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.