Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of organic carbon and silicon fertilizers on the lodging resistance, yield, and economic performance of rapeseed. Two cultivars, namely Jayou (lodging-resistant) and Chuannongyou (lodging-susceptible), were selected to evaluate the effects of various fertilizer treatments on rapeseed culm morphology, lignin accumulation, and their relationships with their lodging resistance indices. The results showed that both organic carbon and silicon fertilizer applications increased the plant height, basal stem diameter, internode plumpness, and bending strength of rapeseed in both the studied years. The bending strength was significantly and positively correlated with the lodging resistance index and lignin content. It was found that both organic carbon and silicon fertilizers had improved the activities of lignin biosynthesis enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and peroxiredoxins) and their related genes to increase lignin accumulation in the culm, which ultimately improved the lodging resistance. At the same time, the thickness of the stem cortex, vascular bundle area, and xylem area was increased, and the stem strength was improved. The effect of silicon fertilizer was better than that of organic carbon fertilizer, but there was no significant difference with the mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizer. Similarly, silicon fertilizer increased the number of pods, significantly increased the yield, and improved the economic benefit, while organic carbon fertilizer had no significant effect on the yield. Therefore, we believe that organic carbon and silicon fertilizer can improve the lodging resistance of rape stems by improving the lignin accumulation and the mechanical tissue structure. Still, the effect of silicon fertilizer is the best. Considering the economic benefits, adding silicon fertilizer can obtain more net income than the mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizer.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Both fertilizers increased plant height, basal stem diameter and internode plumpness in both years.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- organic carbon and silicon fertilizer applicationse0
- Outcome
- plant height, basal stem diameter, internode plumpnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both the studied yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“both organic carbon and silicon fertilizer applications increased the plant height, basal stem diameter, internode plumpness, and bending strength of rapeseed in both the studied years”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fertilizers increased rapeseed bending strength in both years.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- organic carbon and silicon fertilizer applicationse0
- Outcome
- bending strengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“both organic carbon and silicon fertilizer applications increased the plant height, basal stem diameter, internode plumpness, and bending strength of rapeseed in both the studied years”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending strength was positively correlated with lodging resistance index.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napust0 - Outcome
- lodging resistance indexe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Comparator
- bending strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The bending strength was significantly and positively correlated with the lodging resistance index and lignin content.”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending strength was positively correlated with lignin content.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Outcome
- lignin contente0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Comparator
- bending strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bending strength was significantly and positively correlated with the lodging resistance index and lignin content.”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fertilizers improved lignin biosynthesis enzyme activities and related genes.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- organic carbon and silicon fertilizerse0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and peroxiredoxinse0
- Outcome
- activities of lignin biosynthesis enzymese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both organic carbon and silicon fertilizers had improved the activities of lignin biosynthesis enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and peroxiredoxins) and their related genes”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fertilizers increased lignin accumulation in the culm.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Organ / stage
- culme0
- Treatment
- organic carbon and silicon fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- lignin accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both organic carbon and silicon fertilizers had improved the activities of lignin biosynthesis enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and peroxiredoxins) and their related genes to increase lignin accumulation in the culm”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatment increased stem cortex thickness, vascular bundle area and xylem area.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilizationt1
- Outcome
- thickness of the stem cortex, vascular bundle area, and xylem areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the thickness of the stem cortex, vascular bundle area, and xylem area was increased, and the stem strength was improved”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatment improved stem strength.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Outcome
- stem strengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the thickness of the stem cortex, vascular bundle area, and xylem area was increased, and the stem strength was improved”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer performed better than organic carbon fertilizer for lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- organic carbon fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of silicon fertilizer was better than that of organic carbon fertilizer, but there was no significant difference with the mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizer.”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer and mixed fertilizer application did not differ significantly.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- no significant differencee0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant difference with the mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizer”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer increased pod number.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- number of podse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon fertilizer increased the number of pods, significantly increased the yield, and improved the economic benefit”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer significantly increased yield.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon fertilizer increased the number of pods, significantly increased the yield, and improved the economic benefit”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer improved economic benefit.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- economic benefite0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon fertilizer increased the number of pods, significantly increased the yield, and improved the economic benefit”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic carbon fertilizer had no significant yield effect.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- organic carbon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic carbon fertilizer had no significant effect on the yield”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon fertilizer produced more net income than mixed silicon and organic carbon fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Brassica napus L.Brassica napust0
- Treatment
- silicon fertilizere0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding silicon fertilizer can obtain more net income than the mixed application of silicon fertilizer and organic carbon fertilizer”
t0“Brassica napus L.”
t1“Organic Carbon and Silicon Fertilization”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.