Abstract
To address the relationships between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and the yield of double cropping rice systems, we investigated the effects of a cultivation pattern of strong seedlings with increased planting density and reduced nitrogen application (SDN) on the morphological and physiological characteristics of double cropping rice. Our results indicated that the effects of SDN on the morphological characteristics of the single plant roots of double cropping rice were not significant, but the morphological characteristics of the population roots were largely different. Specifically, SDN significantly increased the morphological indexes of the root population such as root fresh weight, root volume, root number, root length and root dry weight. The effects of SDN on the total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the single plants were non-significant, but it dramatically enhanced the total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the plant population during the tillering, heading and mature stages. In addition, SDN significantly increased the root bleeding intensity and elevated the soluble sugar and free amino acid contents of root bleeding sap. Compared to the traditional cultivation pattern (CK), SDN significantly increased root bleeding intensity at the heading stage by 4.37 and 8.90% for early and late rice, respectively. Meanwhile, SDN profoundly enhanced the soluble sugar contents of root bleeding sap by 12.85 and 10.41% for early and late rice, respectively. In addition, SDN also significantly enhanced free amino acid content of root bleeding sap by 43.25% for early rice and by 37.50% for late rice systems compared to CK. Furthermore, SDN increased the actual yield of double cropping rice mainly due to the higher effective panicle number and the larger seed-setting rate. The actual yields of early rice under SDN were higher than CK by 9.37 and 5.98% in 2016 and 2017, and the actual yields of late rice under SDN were higher than CK by 0.20 and 1.41% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the significant positive correlations were observed between the majority of the root indexes and the actual yield across the four different growth stages.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
SDN had no significant effect on single-plant root morphology.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- morphological characteristics of the single plant rootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of SDN on the morphological characteristics of the single plant roots of double cropping rice were not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased population root fresh weight, volume, number, length and dry weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- root fresh weight, root volume, root number, root length and root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN significantly increased the morphological indexes of the root population such as root fresh weight, root volume, root number, root length and root dry weight”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN did not significantly affect single-plant root absorption areas.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the single plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of SDN on the total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the single plants were non-significant”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN enhanced population total and active root absorption areas at tillering, heading and maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering, heading and mature stagese0
- Treatment
- increased planting density and reduced nitrogen applicationt0
- Outcome
- total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the plant populatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it dramatically enhanced the total root absorption areas and root active absorption areas of the plant population during the tillering, heading and mature stages”
t0“rice as affected by the cultivation pattern of strong seedlings with increased planting density and reduced nitrogen application”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased root bleeding intensity at heading by 4.37% in early rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- root bleeding intensitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.37e0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN significantly increased root bleeding intensity at the heading stage by 4.37 and 8.90% for early and late rice, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased root bleeding intensity at heading by 8.90% in late rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- root bleeding intensitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.90%e0
- Qualifier
- latee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN significantly increased root bleeding intensity at the heading stage by 4.37 and 8.90% for early and late rice, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased root bleeding sap soluble sugar by 12.85% in early rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contents of root bleeding sape0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12.85e0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN profoundly enhanced the soluble sugar contents of root bleeding sap by 12.85 and 10.41% for early and late rice, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased root bleeding sap soluble sugar by 10.41% in late rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contents of root bleeding sape0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 10.41%e0
- Qualifier
- latee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN profoundly enhanced the soluble sugar contents of root bleeding sap by 12.85 and 10.41% for early and late rice, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased free amino acids in bleeding sap by 43.25% in early rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- free amino acid content of root bleeding sape0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 43.25%e0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN also significantly enhanced free amino acid content of root bleeding sap by 43.25% for early rice and by 37.50% for late rice systems compared to CK”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN increased free amino acids in bleeding sap by 37.50% in late rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- free amino acid content of root bleeding sape0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 37.50%e0
- Qualifier
- latee0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN also significantly enhanced free amino acid content of root bleeding sap by 43.25% for early rice and by 37.50% for late rice systems compared to CK”
Claim · model-written summary
SDN raised rice yield mainly through more effective panicles and greater seed setting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- actual yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- higher effective panicle number and the larger seed-setting ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SDN increased the actual yield of double cropping rice mainly due to the higher effective panicle number and the larger seed-setting rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-rice yield under SDN exceeded CK by 9.37% in 2016.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- actual yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.37e0
- Qualifier
- 2016e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“actual yields of early rice under SDN were higher than CK by 9.37 and 5.98% in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-rice yield under SDN exceeded CK by 5.98% in 2017.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- actual yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.98%e0
- Qualifier
- 2017e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“actual yields of early rice under SDN were higher than CK by 9.37 and 5.98% in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-rice yield under SDN exceeded CK by 0.20% in 2016.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- actual yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.20e0
- Qualifier
- 2016e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“actual yields of late rice under SDN were higher than CK by 0.20 and 1.41% in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-rice yield under SDN exceeded CK by 1.41% in 2017.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SDNe0
- Outcome
- actual yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.41%e0
- Qualifier
- 2017e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“actual yields of late rice under SDN were higher than CK by 0.20 and 1.41% in 2016 and 2017”
Claim · model-written summary
Most root indexes correlated positively and significantly with yield across four growth stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- four different growth stagese0
- Outcome
- actual yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- majority of the root indexese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant positive correlations were observed between the majority of the root indexes and the actual yield across the four different growth stages”
t0“rice”
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