Abstract
Over the past decades, because of large-scale bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) application, environmental residues of BSM have massively increased, causing severe toxicity in rotation-sensitive crops. The removal of BSM from the environment has become essential. In this study, the combined bioremediation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus intraradices and BSM-degrading strain Hansschlegelia zhihuaiae S113 of BSM-polluted soil was investigated. BSM degradation by S113 in the maize rhizosphere could better promote AMF infection in the roots of maize, achieving an infection rate of 86.70% on the 36th day in the AMF + S113 + BSM group. Similarly, AMF enhanced the colonization and survival of S113 in maize rhizosphere, contributing 4.65 × 10 5 cells/g soil on the 15th day and 3.78 × 10 4 cells/g soil on the 20th day to a population of colonized-S113 (based possibly on the strong root system established by promoting plant-growth AMF). Both S113 and AMF coexisted in rhizosphere soil. The BSM-degrading strain S113 could completely remove BSM at 3 mg/kg from the maize rhizosphere soil within 12 days. AMF also promoted the growth of maize seedlings. When planted in BSM-contaminated soil, maize roots had a fresh weight of 2.59 ± 0.26 g in group S113 + AMF, 2.54 ± 0.20 g in group S113 + AMF + BSM, 2.02 ± 0.16 g in group S113 + BSM, and 2.61 ± 0.25 g in the AMF group, all of which exceeded weights of the control group on the 36th day except for the S113 + BSM group. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing results indicated that simultaneous inoculation with AMF and strain S113 of BSM-polluted maize root-soil almost left the indigenous bacterial community diversity and richness in maize rhizosphere soil unaltered. This represents a major advantage of bioremediation approaches resulting from the existing vital interactions among local microorganisms and plants in the soil. These findings may provide theoretical guidance for utilizing novel joint-bioremediation technologies, and constitute an important contribution to environmental pollution bioremediation while simultaneously ensuring crop safety and yield.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
S113 degradation of BSM promoted AMF infection in maize roots, reaching 86.70% on day 36.
- Treatment
- AMF + S113 + BSMe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF infection in the roots of maizee0
- Direction
- better promotee0
- Value
- 86.70%e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BSM degradation by S113 in the maize rhizosphere could better promote AMF infection in the roots of maize, achieving an infection rate of 86.70% on the 36th day in the AMF + S113 + BSM group”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced S113 colonization and survival in maize rhizosphere, reaching 4.65 × 10 5 cells/g soil on day 15.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization and survival of S113 in maize rhizospheree0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4.65 × 10 5 cells/g soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF enhanced the colonization and survival of S113 in maize rhizosphere, contributing 4.65 × 10 5 cells/g soil on the 15th day”
Claim · model-written summary
S113 colonization reached 3.78 × 10 4 cells/g soil on day 20 with AMF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3.78 × 10 4 cells/g soil on the 20th day to a population of colonized-S113”
t0“the roots of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
S113 completely removed 3 mg/kg BSM from maize rhizosphere soil within 12 days.
- Treatment
- S113e0
- Interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Outcome
- BSMe0
- Direction
- completely removee0
- Value
- 3 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- within 12 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The BSM-degrading strain S113 could completely remove BSM at 3 mg/kg from the maize rhizosphere soil within 12 days”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF promoted maize seedling growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF also promoted the growth of maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots in the S113 plus AMF group had fresh weight of 2.59 ± 0.26 g, exceeding control.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- S113 + AMFe0
- Interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Value
- 2.59 ± 0.26 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize roots had a fresh weight of 2.59 ± 0.26 g in group S113 + AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots in the S113 plus AMF plus BSM group had fresh weight of 2.54 ± 0.20 g.
- Treatment
- S113 + AMF + BSMe0
- Interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- 2.54 ± 0.20 ge0
- Value
- 2.54 ± 0.20 ge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.54 ± 0.20 g in group S113 + AMF + BSM”
t0“the roots of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots in the S113 plus BSM group had fresh weight of 2.02 ± 0.16 g.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.02 ± 0.16 g in group S113 + BSM”
t0“the roots of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots in the AMF group had fresh weight of 2.61 ± 0.25 g.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.61 ± 0.25 g in the AMF group”
t0“the roots of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and S113 inoculation left indigenous bacterial diversity and richness nearly unaltered.
- Treatment
- simultaneous inoculation with AMF and strain S113e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- S113e0symbiont
- Outcome
- indigenous bacterial community diversity and richness in maize rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- unalterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous inoculation with AMF and strain S113 of BSM-polluted maize root-soil almost left the indigenous bacterial community diversity and richness in maize rhizosphere soil unaltered”
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