Abstract
Low availability of phosphorus (P) in calcareous soils is a major problem for sustainable improvement in cereals crops yield. A higher amount of calcium in soils precipitates the P, thus making it immobile in soil. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) could be helpful in the sustainable management of immobile P in soil. However, their combined use in releasing P from rock phosphate (RP) in alkaline calcareous soils have been little investigated. In this regard, two successive field experiments were conducted to assess the interactive inoculation potential of AMF and PSB strain Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP on the yield and P uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in alkaline calcareous soil. The first field experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with 10 treatments and three replications by inoculating maize seeds with AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 inoculum alone and in combination with RP. Their performance was compared with single super phosphate (SSP) inorganic fertilizer. Afterward, the residual effects of inoculated AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 were investigated on wheat as a subsequent crop. Maize and wheat yield parameters, P uptake, AMF root colonization, and PSB population was measured. The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls. Likewise, maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP. It is concluded that PSB solubilizes the unavailable forms of P in combination with RP fertilizers in soil, and AMF ultimately transfers it to plants for growth promotion. Moreover, the combined inoculation of AMF and PSB with ground RP had more potential to improve maize-wheat yields and P uptake comparable to those obtained by using expensive phosphatic fertilizers in P deficient calcareous pH soils.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation with rock phosphate increased maize grain yield relative to controls.
- Treatment
- AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation with rock phosphate increased maize phosphorus uptake.
- Treatment
- AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual combined inoculation increased wheat grain yield into the second season.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- until the second season after inoculatione0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual combined inoculation increased wheat phosphorus uptake.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation improved maize root colonization.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- roots colonizatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation improved wheat root colonization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- roots colonizatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation improved PSB population density.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- PSB population densitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation improved postharvest soil properties.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RPe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp. PIS7e0symbiont
- Outcome
- post-harvest soil propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpreted PSB as solubilizing unavailable phosphorus from rock phosphate and AMF as transferring it to plants.
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth promotione0
- Qualifier
- solubilizes the unavailable forms of P in combination with RP fertilizers in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSB solubilizes the unavailable forms of P in combination with RP fertilizers in soil, and AMF ultimately transfers it to plants for growth promotion”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded combined inoculation with ground RP can improve maize-wheat yield and phosphorus uptake comparably to phosphatic fertilizer.
Verbatim
e0“the combined inoculation of AMF and PSB with ground RP had more potential to improve maize-wheat yields and P uptake comparable to those obtained by using expensive phosphatic fertilizers in P deficient calcareous pH soils”
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