Abstract
Abstract Salinity is a serious problem in the cultivation of ornamental plants. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum) ‘Palisade White’ was evaluated in order to examine its responses to long-term salt stress. Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses (g dm−3 of substrate) 0, 0.44, 0.96, 1.47, 1.98, 2.48 and 2.99. The initial electrical conductivity (EC) of the substrates was 0.3, 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 2.6, 3.1 and 3.9 dS m−1, respectively. Plant growth, relative water content (RWC), Na, Cl, K, N and P concentrations, membrane injury (MI), chlorophyll and proline levels, as well as gas exchange parameters in leaves of chrysanthemum were determined. A dose-dependent significant reduction of growth and minor decrease of leaf RWC were observed. Foliar Na and Cl concentrations increased with the highest NaCl dose up to 6-fold. However, the concentration of K increased by about 14 %, N by about 5 % but P decreased by about 23 %. Membrane injury was rather low (11 %) even at the highest NaCl dose. Statistically significant decreases of stomatal conductance (20 %), transpiration rate (32 %) and photosynthesis (25 %) were already observed at the lowest NaCl dose and about 40 % decrease of all these parameters with the highest dose. A significant reduction in the intercellular CO2 concentration occurred at the lower NaCl doses and no changes with the highest dose. These results show that in plants grown with the highest NaCl dose, non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis may occur. According to Maas and Hoffman tolerance assessment (1977) chrysanthemum ‘Palisade White’ may be considered as moderately sensitive to salt stress in terms of growth inhibition. However, it is able to cope with long-term salt stress without any signs of damage, such as chlorophyll depletion, leaf browning or necrotic spots probably due to maintenance of K homeostasis and proline accumulation, which alleviate the toxic effect of chloride.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
A dose-dependent significant reduction of plant growth occurred under increasing NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
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Chrysanthemumt0 - Treatment
- NaCl dosese1
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e1“Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses”
e2“A dose-dependent significant reduction of growth and minor decrease of leaf RWC were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf relative water content showed a minor decrease under increasing NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl dosese1
- Outcome
- leaf RWCe2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e1“Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses”
e2“A dose-dependent significant reduction of growth and minor decrease of leaf RWC were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Na and Cl concentrations increased with the highest NaCl dose, up to 6-fold.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Organ / stage
- Foliare3
- Treatment
- highest NaCl dosee3
- Outcome
- Foliar Na and Cl concentrationse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- up to 6-folde3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e3“Foliar Na and Cl concentrations increased with the highest NaCl dose up to 6-fold”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K concentration increased by about 14 % under increasing NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl dosese1
- Outcome
- concentration of Ke4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- about 14 %e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e1“Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses”
e4“the concentration of K increased by about 14 %, N by about 5 % but P decreased by about 23 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf N concentration increased by about 5 % under increasing NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl dosese1
- Outcome
- Ne4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- about 5 %e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e1“Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses”
e4“the concentration of K increased by about 14 %, N by about 5 % but P decreased by about 23 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf P concentration decreased by about 23 % under increasing NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl dosese1
- Outcome
- Pe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Value
- about 23 %e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e1“Plants were grown in substrate supplemented with NaCl doses”
e4“the concentration of K increased by about 14 %, N by about 5 % but P decreased by about 23 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance decreased by 20 % at the lowest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- lowest NaCl dosee5
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee5
- Direction
- decreasese5
- Value
- 20 %e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e5“Statistically significant decreases of stomatal conductance (20 %), transpiration rate (32 %) and photosynthesis (25 %) were already observed at the lowest NaCl dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration rate decreased by 32 % at the lowest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- lowest NaCl dosee5
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee5
- Direction
- decreasese5
- Value
- 32 %e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e5“Statistically significant decreases of stomatal conductance (20 %), transpiration rate (32 %) and photosynthesis (25 %) were already observed at the lowest NaCl dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis decreased by 25 % at the lowest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- lowest NaCl dosee5
- Outcome
- photosynthesise5
- Direction
- decreasese5
- Value
- 25 %e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e5“Statistically significant decreases of stomatal conductance (20 %), transpiration rate (32 %) and photosynthesis (25 %) were already observed at the lowest NaCl dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthesis all decreased by about 40 % at the highest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- highest dosee6
- Outcome
- all these parameterse6
- Direction
- decreasee6
- Value
- about 40 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e5“Statistically significant decreases of stomatal conductance (20 %), transpiration rate (32 %) and photosynthesis (25 %) were already observed at the lowest NaCl dose”
e6“and about 40 % decrease of all these parameters with the highest dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane injury was rather low (11 %) even at the highest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- Membrane injurye7
- Value
- 11 %e7
- Qualifier
- even at the highest NaCl dosee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e7“Membrane injury was rather low (11 %) even at the highest NaCl dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly reduced at the lower NaCl doses.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- lower NaCl dosese2
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“A significant reduction in the intercellular CO2 concentration occurred at the lower NaCl doses and no changes with the highest dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular CO2 concentration showed no change at the highest NaCl dose.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- highest dosee2
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentratione2
- Direction
- no changese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“A significant reduction in the intercellular CO2 concentration occurred at the lower NaCl doses and no changes with the highest dose”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest NaCl dose, non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis may occur.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- highest NaCl dosee2
- Outcome
- photosynthesise2
- Qualifier
- non-stomatal limitatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“These results show that in plants grown with the highest NaCl dose, non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis may occur”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysanthemum Palisade White may be considered moderately sensitive to salt stress in terms of growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Outcome
- moderately sensitive to salt stress in terms of growth inhibitione3
- Qualifier
- According to Maas and Hoffman tolerance assessment (1977)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“According to Maas and Hoffman tolerance assessment (1977)”
e3“may be considered as moderately sensitive to salt stress in terms of growth inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysanthemum copes with long-term salt stress without visible signs of damage.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Treatment
- long-term salt stresse2
- Outcome
- signs of damagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“it is able to cope with long-term salt stress without any signs of damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintenance of K homeostasis and proline accumulation probably alleviate the toxic effect of chloride.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
- Compound
- prolinee2
- Outcome
- toxic effect of chloridee2
- Qualifier
- maintenance of K homeostasise2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“How chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum)”
e2“probably due to maintenance of K homeostasis and proline accumulation, which alleviate the toxic effect of chloride”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · ChrysanthemumPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →sodium chloride · physiology: gas exchange · ChrysanthemumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
sodium chloride · physiology: photosynthesis · ChrysanthemumResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.