Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a host non-specific toxin produced by a number of Fusarium species. The most expansive producer of this toxin is Fusarium oxysporum and its special forms (f. sp.) lycopersici (causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato). FA is suspected to be a potent pathogenicity factor in tomato wilt disease development. With this rationale the present study was carried out with biochemical and molecular perspectives. In the present study, the treatment of FA was given to the leaves of tomato directly through infiltration to assess the induction of defence responses. The phytotoxic effect of FA was assessed in the form of cell death in tomato leaves which was observed by increased uptake of Evans blue stain. This cell death inducer (FA) produced an enormous oxidative burst during which large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like H 2 O 2 was generated in the treated leaf tissues of tomato plants which was evident from enhancement in lipid peroxidation. However, to cope with the toxicity of FA, tomato plants develop a cellular strategy involving activation of antioxidative defence system. This modulation of antioxidative system could reflect a defence response to the cellular damage provoked by treatment of FA. Results demonstrate that production of phytohormone (SA) potentiates the oxidative burst, while ROS increases its production. In this way these signaling molecules stimulate each other's production, thus amplifying the initial signal, ultimately leading to plant cell death. A significant increase of PAL activity in tomato plants confirmed the responsiveness of PAL-mediated primary defence system against the FA exposure. In the present study, the level of total phenols (important component of plant defence machinery) increased significantly in consonance with increase in the ROS level.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Fusaric acid induced cell death in tomato leaves, indicated by increased Evans blue uptake.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phytotoxic effect of FA was assessed in the form of cell death in tomato leaves which was observed by increased uptake of Evans blue stain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusaric acid generated an oxidative burst and reactive oxygen species in treated tomato leaf tissue.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- large quantitiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This cell death inducer (FA) produced an enormous oxidative burst during which large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like H 2 O 2 was generated in the treated leaf tissues of tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusaric acid enhanced lipid peroxidation in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This cell death inducer (FA) produced an enormous oxidative burst during which large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like H 2 O 2 was generated in the treated leaf tissues of tomato plants which was evident from enhancement in lipid peroxidation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants activated an antioxidative defence system in response to fusaric acid toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FAe0
- Outcome
- antioxidative defence systeme0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to cope with the toxicity of FA, tomato plants develop a cellular strategy involving activation of antioxidative defence system.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA production potentiated the oxidative burst in tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- oxidative burste0
- Qualifier
- production of phytohormone (SA)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results demonstrate that production of phytohormone (SA) potentiates the oxidative burst”
t0“Tomato Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS increased SA production in tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ROSe0
- Outcome
- productione0
- Qualifier
- ROSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while ROS increases its production.”
t0“Tomato Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutual stimulation of SA and ROS production amplified the signal leading to tomato cell death.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- plant cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- these signaling molecules stimulate each other's productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these signaling molecules stimulate each other's production, thus amplifying the initial signal, ultimately leading to plant cell death.”
t0“Tomato Plant”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity increased significantly in tomato plants exposed to fusaric acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- FA exposuree0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant increase of PAL activity in tomato plants confirmed the responsiveness of PAL-mediated primary defence system against the FA exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols increased significantly in tomato as ROS increased.
- Taxon
- Tomato PlantSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ROSe0
- Outcome
- level of total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of total phenols (important component of plant defence machinery) increased significantly in consonance with increase in the ROS level.”
t0“Tomato Plant”
The same questions in other papers
Fusaric acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Fusaric acid · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
Fusaric acid · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.