Abstract
It is considered that there are three phases of decreasing yield in rice plant caused by strong wind; one is occurrence of atrophied kernels at a time before the heading, second is ill effect to fertilization and development of the grains at or near the heading time, and the last is shattering loss at later ripening stage. On the former two there are many reports by various authers (11, 6, 9, 10, 12 and etc.) but on the last little reports.This investigation was made for clarifying the effect of different wind speed and that of stages after the heading and position of the grains on shattering in rice plant. Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment. Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute. And following results were obtained.1) When the plants were exposed to various wind velocity (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 metre per second) for five hours at the full ripening stage after seven weeks from the heading, there was obtained no grain shattered in the treatment of 9m/s. or weaker wind speed, 0.3 percent of grain shattered at 12m/s., and the percentage increased quickly for increasing wind speed. On the other hand, breaking type lodging were also increased for increasing wind speed, and the shattered grains in lodged plants was less than that in non-lodged plants. Therefore, it seems the most shattering loss in rice plant occurs at the wind speed of about 15 metre per second.2) From the treatment of 15m/s. of wind for five hours at different stages after the heading, the following result was abtained. Shattering grains was not occurred just at the heading stage, but it started at one week after the heading, and the maximum loss of shattering of about 40 percent was found in the treatment at four weeks after the heading. The present authors had supposed that the shattering would increase according the degree of ripening, but the result was not so. Although no accurate reasons can be found for this result, owing to the lack of any reliable data, it seems to have some relation with change of lodging resistance in rice plants.3) The grains on upper part of the head were easiest to be shattered, and the reasons are due not only to wide vibration or severe fluttering of the upper part of the head but also weaker tensile strength or resistance to the shattering.4) The results suggest some prevention methods against shattering loss causing by strong wind. Three of effective methods decreasing loss due to shattering will be: (1) construct windbreaks or hedges to decrease wind speed over rice fields: (2) make the strong resistance varieties by breeding and (3) break down the plants artificially in order to decrease the vibration of head just before the time of a typhoon attack. The last should be applied to only plants in full ripening stage.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
No grain was shattered in rice plants exposed to wind of 9 m/s or weaker.
- Taxon
- rice plant
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Treatment
- 9m/s. or weaker wind speede3
- Outcome
- grain shatterede3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“there was obtained no grain shattered in the treatment of 9m/s. or weaker wind speed”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain shattering at 12 m/s wind was 0.3 percent.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Treatment
- 12m/se3
- Outcome
- grain shatterede3
- Value
- 0.3 percente3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“0.3 percent of grain shattered at 12m/s”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage of shattering increased quickly with increasing wind speed.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Treatment
- increasing wind speede3
- Outcome
- percentagee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- quicklye3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“the percentage increased quickly for increasing wind speed”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking-type lodging increased with increasing wind speed.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Treatment
- increasing wind speede3
- Outcome
- breaking type lodginge3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“breaking type lodging were also increased for increasing wind speed”
Claim · model-written summary
Shattered grains in lodged rice plants were fewer than in non-lodged plants.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Outcome
- the shattered grainse3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Comparator
- non-lodged plantse3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“the shattered grains in lodged plants was less than that in non-lodged plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The most shattering loss in rice plants occurs at a wind speed of about 15 m/s.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Treatment
- wind speed of about 15 metre per seconde3
- Outcome
- most shattering losse3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“the most shattering loss in rice plant occurs at the wind speed of about 15 metre per second”
Claim · model-written summary
Shattering did not occur at the heading stage and started one week after heading.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee3
- Outcome
- Shattering grainse3
- Qualifier
- one week after the headinge3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“Shattering grains was not occurred just at the heading stage, but it started at one week after the heading”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum shattering loss of about 40 percent occurred in rice plants treated four weeks after heading.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Organ / stage
- four weeks after the headinge3
- Outcome
- maximum loss of shatteringe3
- Value
- about 40 percente3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“the maximum loss of shattering of about 40 percent was found in the treatment at four weeks after the heading”
Claim · model-written summary
Grains on the upper part of the rice head were the easiest to be shattered.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Material
- Norin no. 29e1
- Organ / stage
- upper part of the heade3
- Outcome
- easiest to be shatterede3
- Setting
- wind tunnele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“Norin no. 29 cultured in pot were used in this experiment”
e2“Wind treatment were made in a wind tunnel in our institute”
e3“The grains on upper part of the head were easiest to be shattered”
Claim · model-written summary
Windbreaks or hedges are recommended to decrease wind speed over rice fields.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- decrease wind speed over rice fieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“(1) construct windbreaks or hedges to decrease wind speed over rice fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Breeding strong-resistance rice varieties is recommended to reduce shattering loss.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- strong resistance varietiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“(2) make the strong resistance varieties by breeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking down the plants artificially before a typhoon is recommended to decrease head vibration.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- break down the plants artificiallye1
- Outcome
- decrease the vibration of heade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on Wind Damage of Rice Plant”
e1“(3) break down the plants artificially in order to decrease the vibration of head just before the time of a typhoon attack”