Abstract
Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas, mostly to harvest mature bulbs with dry scales. Due to their exceptional taste and nutritional value, and a short growing season, they can also be grown for early bunch harvest. New shallot cultivation strategies are being sought to meet consumers’ growing expectations regarding the quality of vegetables, and their increasing awareness of global food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected biostimulants on the biometric parameters, yield and nutritional value of shallot bulbs and leaves. The experimental factors were as follows: two biostimulant types—Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Goëmar Goteo (GG), two shallot cultivars—Bonilla F1 and Matador F1, grown for bunch harvest, and year of the study. Shallot leaves had a higher content of L-ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and nitrates than bulbs. Young bulbs had a higher content of DM and total sugars than leaves. The leaves and bulbs of shallot plants treated with EM accumulated the highest amounts of minerals. Macronutrient ratios were closer to optimal in shallot leaves than bulbs. The nitrate content of bulbs was inversely proportional to the nitrate content of leaves. Therefore, an increase in the nitrate content of leaves by around 330% led to an approximately 40% decrease in the nitrate content of bulbs. The correlations between the parameters of the chemical composition of shallots and shallot leaves show that the increase in the dry matter content of the bulbs (by approx. 60%) was accompanied by an increase in the L-ascorbic acid content in the leaves (by approx. 240%). The use of biostimulants in the cultivation of A. cepa L. Aggregatum group contributed to the reduction of L-ascorbic acid content in bulbs and had no positive effect on the leaves. Moreover, no positive effect of biostimulants on the reduction of nitrate content in shallot leaves and bulbs was observed, which is undesirable from the consumer’s point of view. After the use of biopreparations, the yield of shallots was lower than that of the control—by approx. 14% (EM) and approx. 4% (GG). Therefore, the measurable benefits of biostimulants in the cultivation of shallots grown for early bunch harvest do not balance the costs of their purchase and use.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Shallot leaves had higher L-ascorbic acid, reducing sugar and nitrate content than bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group
Allium cepae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and nitratese2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- bulbse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e2“Shallot leaves had a higher content of L-ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and nitrates than bulbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Young bulbs had higher dry matter and total sugar content than leaves.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- Young bulbse3
- Outcome
- DM and total sugarse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- leavese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e3“Young bulbs had a higher content of DM and total sugars than leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
EM treatment led to the highest mineral amounts in shallot leaves and bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and bulbse4
- Treatment
- EMe4
- Outcome
- mineralse4
- Direction
- highest amountse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e4“The leaves and bulbs of shallot plants treated with EM accumulated the highest amounts of minerals”
Claim · model-written summary
Macronutrient ratios were closer to optimal in shallot leaves than in bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- Macronutrient ratiose5
- Direction
- closer to optimale5
- Comparator
- bulbse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e5“Macronutrient ratios were closer to optimal in shallot leaves than bulbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb nitrate content was inversely proportional to leaf nitrate content.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Compound
- nitratee6
- Outcome
- nitrate content of bulbse6
- Direction
- inversely proportionale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e6“The nitrate content of bulbs was inversely proportional to the nitrate content of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
A rise of about 330% in leaf nitrate was associated with about a 40% decrease in bulb nitrate content.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Compound
- nitratee7
- Outcome
- nitrate content of bulbse7
- Direction
- decreasee7
- Value
- 40%e7
- Qualifier
- an increase in the nitrate content of leaves by around 330%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e7“Therefore, an increase in the nitrate content of leaves by around 330% led to an approximately 40% decrease in the nitrate content of bulbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased dry matter of bulbs (about 60%) was accompanied by a rise of about 240% in leaf L-ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Compound
- L-ascorbic acide1
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acid content in the leavese1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 240%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e1“the increase in the dry matter content of the bulbs (by approx. 60%) was accompanied by an increase in the L-ascorbic acid content in the leaves (by approx. 240%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased dry matter content of bulbs (about 60%) was accompanied by a leaf L-ascorbic acid rise.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- bulbse1
- Outcome
- dry matter content of the bulbse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 60%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e1“the increase in the dry matter content of the bulbs (by approx. 60%) was accompanied by an increase in the L-ascorbic acid content in the leaves (by approx. 240%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants reduced L-ascorbic acid content in bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- bulbse2
- Treatment
- biostimulantse2
- Compound
- L-ascorbic acide2
- Outcome
- L-ascorbic acid content in bulbse2
- Direction
- reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e2“The use of biostimulants in the cultivation of A. cepa L. Aggregatum group contributed to the reduction of L-ascorbic acid content in bulbs and had no positive effect on the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants had no positive effect on the leaves.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- biostimulantse2
- Outcome
- effect on the leavese2
- Direction
- no positive effecte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e2“The use of biostimulants in the cultivation of A. cepa L. Aggregatum group contributed to the reduction of L-ascorbic acid content in bulbs and had no positive effect on the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants had no positive effect on reducing nitrate content in shallot leaves and bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- shallot leaves and bulbse3
- Treatment
- biostimulantse3
- Outcome
- reduction of nitrate contente3
- Direction
- no positive effecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e3“Moreover, no positive effect of biostimulants on the reduction of nitrate content in shallot leaves and bulbs was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
EM reduced shallot yield by about 14% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- EMe4
- Outcome
- yield of shallotse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- approx. 14%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e4“After the use of biopreparations, the yield of shallots was lower than that of the control—by approx. 14% (EM) and approx. 4% (GG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Goëmar Goteo reduced shallot yield by about 4% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- GGe4
- Outcome
- yield of shallotse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Value
- approx. 4%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e4“After the use of biopreparations, the yield of shallots was lower than that of the control—by approx. 14% (EM) and approx. 4% (GG)”
Claim · model-written summary
The measurable benefits of biostimulants do not balance their purchase and use costs in shallots grown for early bunch harvest.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa L. Aggregatum groupAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- measurable benefits of biostimulantse5
- Direction
- do not balancee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas”
e5“Therefore, the measurable benefits of biostimulants in the cultivation of shallots grown for early bunch harvest do not balance the costs of their purchase and use”
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