Abstract
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is one of the main weeds in the wheat crop, and the application of synthetic auxin herbicides has the potential to reduce seed viability, therefore, restricting the input into the seed bank. The objective was to evaluate the effects of synthetic auxin herbicides applied at different growth stages on germination, emergence and initial growth of Italian ryegrass. The herbicides treatments were 2,4-D, 2,4-D+picloram and dicamba applied at four different growth stages of Italian ryegrass in field and seeds quality evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse studies. In both studies, the herbicides did not reduce Italian ryegrass seed germination or emergence regardless of application growth stages. Under laboratory conditions, the application of synthetic auxin herbicides increased vigor and germination speed by up to 64 and 47%, respectively, applied in advanced growth stages. The greenhouse test evidenced an increase in vigor by the herbicides application, but only 2,4-D increased the emergence speed and plant dry matter when applied in early plant stage. The synthetic auxin herbicides do not alter germination or emergence. Progenies treated with herbicides had greater seed vigor.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides did not reduce Italian ryegrass seed germination or emergence.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- seed germination or emergencee0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the herbicides did not reduce Italian ryegrass seed germination or emergence regardless of application growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic auxin herbicides increased laboratory seed vigor by up to 64%.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic auxin herbicidese0
- Outcome
- vigore0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64e0
- Qualifier
- advanced growth stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)”
e0“the application of synthetic auxin herbicides increased vigor and germination speed by up to 64 and 47%, respectively, applied in advanced growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic auxin herbicides increased laboratory germination speed by up to 47%.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic auxin herbicidese0
- Outcome
- germination speede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Qualifier
- advanced growth stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)”
e0“the application of synthetic auxin herbicides increased vigor and germination speed by up to 64 and 47%, respectively, applied in advanced growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide application increased vigor in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- herbicides applicatione0
- Outcome
- vigore0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)”
e0“The greenhouse test evidenced an increase in vigor by the herbicides application”
Claim · model-written summary
Early 2,4-D application increased emergence speed and plant dry matter.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- emergence speed and plant dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- early plant stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)”
e0“only 2,4-D increased the emergence speed and plant dry matter when applied in early plant stage.”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.