Abstract
Water-saving irrigation occasionally causes an inconsequential yield loss in rice; thereby, biochar incorporation in this context has great scope due to its properties, including the release of nutrients and improving soil physicochemical properties. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar combined with fertilizer on physiological response, water and nutrient efficiency of rice and changes in biochemical properties of soil under AWD (alternate wetting and drying) irrigation system. Two types of irrigation practice, such as AWD and CF (continuous flooding), and four types of fertilizer combination, namely T1: 25% Rice husk biochar (RHB) + 75% of recommended fertilizer dose (RFD); T2: 25% oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) + 75% of RFD; T3: 100% RFD; and T0: 0% biochar and fertilizer, were assigned to assess their impacts. The AWD irrigation produced a sharply reduced grain yield (210.58 g pot−1) compared to CF irrigation (218.04 g pot−1), whereas the biochar combination treatments T1 and T2 produced greater yields (260.27 and 252.12 g pot−1, respectively), which were up to 12.5% higher than RFD. Within AWD, irrigation water usage by T1 and T2 (98.50 and 102.37 g L−1, respectively) was profoundly reduced by up to 28.8%, with improved water use efficiency (WUE). The main effect of biochar treatment T1 and T2 also increased photosynthesis rate during vegetative and maturing stage (up to 17.6 and 24.4%, respectively), in addition to boosting agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) compared to RFD (T3). Nevertheless, T1 and T2 significantly enhanced the total carbon and nitrogen; dehydrogenase and urease enzyme activities also increased in both irrigation regimes. The results reveal that the integrated application of RHB and EFBB with fertilizer in the AWD regime significantly reduces irrigation water usage and improves nutrient use efficiency, WUE and soil biochemical properties with a minimum yield penalty for rice.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AWD lowered rice grain yield relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 210.58 g pot−1e0
- Qualifier
- 218.04 g pot−1e0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigation produced a sharply reduced grain yield (210.58 g pot−1) compared to CF irrigation (218.04 g pot−1)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased rice yield relative to the recommended fertilizer dose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T1: 25% Rice husk biochar (RHB) + 75% of recommended fertilizer dose (RFD)e0
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 260.27e1
- Comparator
- RFDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T1: 25% Rice husk biochar (RHB) + 75% of recommended fertilizer dose (RFD)”
e1“biochar combination treatments T1 and T2 produced greater yields (260.27 and 252.12 g pot−1, respectively), which were up to 12.5% higher than RFD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased rice yield relative to the recommended fertilizer dose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T2: 25% oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) + 75% of RFDe0
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 252.12 g pot−1e1
- Comparator
- RFDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T2: 25% oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) + 75% of RFD”
e1“biochar combination treatments T1 and T2 produced greater yields (260.27 and 252.12 g pot−1, respectively), which were up to 12.5% higher than RFD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under AWD, T1 reduced irrigation water usage and improved water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- irrigation water usagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98.50e0
- Qualifier
- improved water use efficiency (WUE)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within AWD, irrigation water usage by T1 and T2 (98.50 and 102.37 g L−1, respectively) was profoundly reduced by up to 28.8%, with improved water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under AWD, T2 reduced irrigation water usage and improved water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- irrigation water usagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 102.37 g L−1e0
- Qualifier
- improved water use efficiency (WUE)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within AWD, irrigation water usage by T1 and T2 (98.50 and 102.37 g L−1, respectively) was profoundly reduced by up to 28.8%, with improved water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased rice photosynthesis during vegetative and maturing stages relative to RFD.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative and maturing stagee0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.6e0
- Comparator
- RFD (T3)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of biochar treatment T1 and T2 also increased photosynthesis rate during vegetative and maturing stage (up to 17.6 and 24.4%, respectively)”
e1“compared to RFD (T3)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased rice photosynthesis during vegetative and maturing stages relative to RFD.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative and maturing stagee0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.4%e0
- Comparator
- RFD (T3)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of biochar treatment T1 and T2 also increased photosynthesis rate during vegetative and maturing stage (up to 17.6 and 24.4%, respectively)”
e1“compared to RFD (T3)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relative to RFD.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T1e1
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)e0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Comparator
- RFD (T3)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“boosting agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) compared to RFD (T3)”
e1“biochar treatment T1 and T2”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relative to RFD.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T2e1
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)e0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Comparator
- RFD (T3)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“boosting agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) compared to RFD (T3)”
e1“biochar treatment T1 and T2”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 significantly increased soil carbon, nitrogen and enzyme activities.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“T1 and T2 significantly enhanced the total carbon and nitrogen; dehydrogenase and urease enzyme activities also increased in both irrigation regimes”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 significantly increased soil carbon, nitrogen and enzyme activities.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“T1 and T2 significantly enhanced the total carbon and nitrogen; dehydrogenase and urease enzyme activities also increased in both irrigation regimes”
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