Abstract
Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume which serves as a staple in sub-Sahara West Africa region especially in Nigeria. Studies have shown that cowpea possesses adaptive features which enables it to strive in dry regions. The present study investigates the antioxiodant capacity of the leaf and stem of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) grown in copper polluted soil. Exactly 2kg of soil was treated with copper sulphate stock solution (1g/L) and kocide (a copper based pesticide) to obtain eight groups: 10mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate, and 5.20g/L of kocide (lower dose of kocide), 6.67g/L of kocide (positive control) and 10.70g/L of kocide (higher dose of kocide), and no treatment in one group (negative control). The experimental plant, cowpea, was cultivated for five weeks. Data were collected after two weeks of cultivation and subsequent weeks until the fifth week, for the assays both on the homogenate and methanolic extract of the plant leaf and stem. The data obtained from the various assays conducted were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software (version 16). The results obtained showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks: depicting a stress condition in the plant. In the case of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), reducing power and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging potentials; a consistent and significant increases within and between the weeks for both the leaf and stem were observed. The results obtained from the present study depict that Vigna unguiculata plant could tolerate a specific level of copper pollution (200 mg/mL) by enhancing the activities of enzymic antioxidants and other features.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem increased inconsistently within the weeks under the lower dose of kocide compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- lower dose of kocidee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 63.00 ± 8.82e1
- Qualifier
- 73.00 ± 3.33e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem increased inconsistently within the weeks under the higher dose of kocide compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- higher dose of kocidee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 50.00 ± 5.77e1
- Qualifier
- 73.00 ± 3.33e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem increased inconsistently within the weeks under 100mg/mL of copper sulphate compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- 100mg/mL of copper sulphatee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 163.60 ± 3.33e1
- Qualifier
- 73.00 ± 3.33e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem increased inconsistently within the weeks under 200mg/mL of copper sulphate compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- 200mg/mL of copper sulphatee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 157.00 ± 3.33e1
- Qualifier
- 73.00 ± 3.33e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem decreased between weeks under the lower dose of kocide compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- lower dose of kocidee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 17.00 ± 3.33e1
- Qualifier
- 20.00 ± 5.77e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem decreased between weeks under the higher dose of kocide compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- higher dose of kocidee1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 23.00 ± 3.33e1
- Qualifier
- 20.00 ± 5.77e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem decreased between weeks under 100mg/mL compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- 100mg/mLe1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 17.00 ± 3.33e1
- Qualifier
- 20.00 ± 5.77e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA level in leaf and stem decreased between weeks under 200mg/mL compared with the negative control.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme1
- Treatment
- 200mg/mLe1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levele1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 10.00 ± 0.00e1
- Qualifier
- 20.00 ± 5.77e1
- Comparator
- negative controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e1“the malondialdehyde (MDA) level for both the leaf and stem showed an inconsistent increase (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL of copper sulphate and 200mg/mL of copper sulphate with 63.00 ± 8.82, 50.00 ± 5.77, 163.60 ± 3.33 and 157.00 ± 3.33 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 73.00 ± 3.33MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) within the weeks and decrease (in lower dose of kocide, higher dose of kocide, 100mg/mL and 200mg/mL with 17.00 ± 3.33, 23.00 ± 3.33, 17.00 ± 3.33 and 10.00 ± 0.00 unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4 respectively as against the negative control 20.00 ± 5.77MDA unit in mol/g wet weight × 10-4) between weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities increased consistently and significantly within and between the weeks in leaf and stem.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme2
- Outcome
- catalase, superoxide dismutase activities (SOD)e2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Qualifier
- consistente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e2“In the case of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), reducing power and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging potentials; a consistent and significant increases within and between the weeks for both the leaf and stem were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential and reducing power increased consistently and significantly within and between the weeks in leaf and stem.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme2
- Outcome
- total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), reducing powere2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Qualifier
- consistente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e2“In the case of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), reducing power and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging potentials; a consistent and significant increases within and between the weeks for both the leaf and stem were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide free radical scavenging potential increased consistently and significantly within and between the weeks in leaf and stem.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme2
- Outcome
- nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging potentialse2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Qualifier
- consistente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigna unguiculata is a drought tolerant legume”
e2“In the case of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), reducing power and nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging potentials; a consistent and significant increases within and between the weeks for both the leaf and stem were observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Vigna unguiculata could tolerate a specific level of copper pollution (200 mg/mL) by enhancing enzymic antioxidant activities.
- Taxon
- Vigna unguiculataVigna unguiculatae3
- Treatment
- copper pollution (200 mg/mL)e3
- Outcome
- tolerate a specific level of copper pollutione3
- Qualifier
- by enhancing the activities of enzymic antioxidantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The results obtained from the present study depict that Vigna unguiculata plant could tolerate a specific level of copper pollution (200 mg/mL) by enhancing the activities of enzymic antioxidants and other features”