Abstract
Abstract Although greenhouse agriculture can generate high crop yields, they vary due to spatiotemporal differences in incident light and photosynthesis. To elucidate these dynamics, multipoint analysis of hemispheric images and a photosynthesis model were used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and leaf photosynthetic rate ( A ) and compared these with strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse. This method enabled successful estimation of spatiotemporal variability in PPFD and A with relative root mean square errors of 4.4% and 11.0%, respectively. PPFD, captured at ca. 2 m resolution, varied diurnally and seasonally based on sun position and external light intensity. A showed less spatial variability, because it is reduced by physical and physiological mechanisms in the leaves at excessive leaf temperatures and becomes saturated at high PPFD. Yield spatial variability was better explained by A than by PPFD. The association between A and yield weakened over the cultivation period ( R 2 declined from 46% in winter to 12% in spring), thus suggesting that, over the cultivation period, factors such as photoassimilate availability replaced A as the primary limiting factor. The proposed method can be directly applied to other types of greenhouses, and the findings may facilitate spatiotemporal optimization in crop production, improving precision greenhouse agriculture.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed other-oa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The method estimated spatial and temporal PPFD variability with 4.4% relative root mean square error.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Outcome
- PPFDe0
- Value
- 4.4%e0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“This method enabled successful estimation of spatiotemporal variability in PPFD and A with relative root mean square errors of 4.4% and 11.0%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The method estimated spatial and temporal leaf photosynthetic rate variability with 11.0% relative root mean square error.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Value
- 11.0%e0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“This method enabled successful estimation of spatiotemporal variability in PPFD and A with relative root mean square errors of 4.4% and 11.0%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
PPFD varied over the day and season with sun position and external light intensity.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- PPFDe0
- Value
- ca. 2 me0
- Qualifier
- sun position and external light intensitye0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“PPFD, captured at ca. 2 m resolution, varied diurnally and seasonally based on sun position and external light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthetic rate varied less spatially than PPFD.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- less spatial variabilitye0
- Comparator
- PPFDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“A showed less spatial variability, because it is reduced by physical and physiological mechanisms in the leaves at excessive leaf temperatures and becomes saturated at high PPFD”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive leaf temperature reduced leaf photosynthetic rate through physical and physiological mechanisms.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- physical and physiological mechanisms in the leaves at excessive leaf temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“it is reduced by physical and physiological mechanisms in the leaves at excessive leaf temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthetic rate saturated at high PPFD.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- saturatede0
- Qualifier
- high PPFDe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“becomes saturated at high PPFD”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate explained spatial variability in strawberry yield better than PPFD.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- Yield spatial variabilitye0
- Comparator
- PPFDe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“Yield spatial variability was better explained by A than by PPFD”
Claim · model-written summary
The association of photosynthetic rate with yield weakened from winter to spring, with R squared declining from 46% to 12%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- association between A and yielde0
- Value
- 46% in winter to 12% in springe0
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“The association between A and yield weakened over the cultivation period ( R 2 declined from 46% in winter to 12% in spring)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest photoassimilate availability replaced photosynthetic rate as the main yield limitation over cultivation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- primary limiting factore0
- Qualifier
- photoassimilate availabilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“over the cultivation period, factors such as photoassimilate availability replaced A as the primary limiting factor”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that the method can be applied to other greenhouse types.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- directly applied to other types of greenhousese0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“strawberry fruit yield in a greenhouse”
e0“The proposed method can be directly applied to other types of greenhouses”